Did Korea Succeeded in the Three Invasions from 108 B.C. to 1231 A.D.?

Korea is strategically located among its allies and enemies, and it is a sad fate that this nation not only invaded and slaughtered was even divided in two. Two brothers believeth in truth but view these principles differently. One belongs to the other, as if in the movie Predator when it was said that: â€Å"The enemy of your enemy is also your friend†. The ROK was formed in the North and The South became a Republic (Readings). In short, despite of the peace being enjoyed by its citizenry; â€Å"factions remained because of groups being formed such as, Communist vs. Industrialist, pro-China vs.pro-Soviet, Conservatives vs. Liberals due to cold war politics and internal divisions among themselves (Readings). †The decline of the Han dynasty (the rule of the Chinese) started the beginnings of three rival kingdoms, the Koguryo on the northeast of China, the Paekche on the southwest, and Shilla on the Southeast (Readings). Despite unification moves was attempted in its enti re history, the northern part or the Nangnang (Lolang) remained a socialist and the southern part democratic was an end result of the unification of Paekche and Shilla to which better known to the world today as Seoul.After the Hans the Mongols came, during those invasions the Koreans suffered so greatly that they even accounted this period with the Mongols to the Japanese period the Dark Age in their history. Koreans in the long history of factions among themselves retained its culture, language, and faith. However, these are the same people who have an open mind that was able to embrace other belief like the Catholic Religion and adjusted amicably with the modern culture.They are people who have survived so many wars, which turned its cities into devastation and poverty but were able to retain its own uniqueness despite of so many foreign invasions. The Koreans, in their own rights succeeded in their quest for their own beliefs and freedom not only because they were hard survivors but because they have been gifted with valiant men and women, from which is the offspring of a good stock their origins are made of.The success in nation building cannot be seen overnight, it has to passed through the test of time just like forging gold from a nuggets of other metals. This could have probably happened in the history of Korea which was clearly seen during the time of Yi Dynasty until the time of King Sae Jong thru the time of General Yi to Admiral Yi, and Yu Kwan-soon (Association). However, Koreans failure may not be seen in terms of its economic position today since it is regarded as one of the four dragons of the Southeast Asian economy but for the reason that they are divided in two.The division may be called providence probably for the reason that it is to create a balance of which some has already foreseen, that the north will be the pivotal point to which will determine the stability of East Asia and north Pacific Rim. The South however, have shown to the wor ld that it has recovered so fast, that it became a leader on economic recovery after a decade of crises that was undergone by the rest of other Asian region. Succeeding is not just to be seen in economic statistics and armaments, but more so on how its people as a country have survived.Though these two siblings may have separated, history or destiny may have reasons why it is so. Separately in each field both have succeeded, but only until they have ensured that another invasion would not follow and as for the moment, hoping they will no longer keep repeating their history. Since 1953, all hostilities ended (Readings). Hopefully that the ceasefire will truly be the end of all factions, and may these neighboring nations eventually learned that strength is not found in violence but on strong hearts that is willing to undergo reforms and forgiveness.

Wal-Mart Negotiation Analysis

Although it was several years ago now, in 1988 a 24-year old man was injured at his local Wal-Mart store after tripping over several rocking chairs. The man claims that as he turned the corner of an aisle he tripped over three 1. 5 foot-high children’s rocking chairs, which caused several injuries, some of which were lacerated forehead, several strains and sprains, a jaw injury and even blackout spells (Laska, 2000). This example of a negotiation lawsuit would classify as a distributive negotiation because of several different reasons. First, the only item of value being discussed is settlement money, and in order for the negotiation to be considered an integrative negotiation, the opposing parties typically have additional items of value to discuss for trade. Also, there is no personal relationship between the opposing sides of the negotiation, which in this particular case are the Wal-Mart Corporation and the injured man. Finally, a distributive negotiation is considered to be a win-lose scenario and clearly, either the man or the Wal-Mart Corporation would win the negotiation. Originally, the injured man sued the company for $100,033. 57, and although the Louisiana Supreme Court ruled in his favor, the amount was lowered. The jury determined that although his injuries were worth compensation, $73,525. 18 was considered a more appropriate sum. In addition, the plaintiff’s wife was awarded $10,000 for loss of consortium. Even though some people may feel as though an injury due to tripping over a child’s toy is a case that does not hold much water, fortunately for the injured man his case was fairly cut and dry. The store could have prevented the injury if the rocking chairs were properly displayed. Therefore the store was responsible and held liable. This type of negotiation is intended for the benefit of one party and is typically settled out of court because companies try to avoid court appearance when possible. Integrative Article: NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement Although the National Basketball Association will be facing changes to their Collective Bargaining Agreement within the next year, the most recent negotiation, which is held between players and teams, was held in 2005. This negotiation is intended to discuss important terms in the players’ contracts, which include salary amounts, length of contracts, rookie salary terms, and salary caps. On the other end of the negotiation, the teams are interested in discussing factors such as trade rules, the escrow level, and the allowed tax on the teams (Morton, 2010). This article demonstrates an integrative negotiation because it is more of a win-win scenario for the opposing parties, which as previously mentioned, include the players and the teams. Since both parties have much to gain from the agreement, they are willing to put more on the table. Also part of an integrative negotiation, both parties have not only their best interest in mind, but also the interest of the opposing side, primarily because of the relationship established between the two. The players and teams are interested in the well being of each other because both are affected by each other. This demonstrates why distributive negotiations are different from integrative, because there is no relationship between the two parties. Although integrative negotiations are often successful, most negotiations are distributive because most opposing parties are not interested in the other. This type of negotiation technique is intended for a established pair of negotiators. Examples in the Workplace Considering that I work in a childcare center, negotiation strategies are not commonly used. However, a childcare director would have a few different scenarios in which negotiation techniques could be beneficial. Although in society today, distributive negotiations are much more common, integrative negotiations are used more often in childcare, in fact, they are used more often in most workplaces. One example of how integrative negotiations are used is through a request for a pay raise. Just like the article examining the NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement, I have used integrative negotiation techniques in the past when I asked for an hourly pay raise. Instead of demanding a raise, which would be more like a distributive negotiation, I discussed how both the center that I work for and myself would benefit from a raise. I explained what I had to offer the company in exchange for the raise, while the benefit to myself is obviously of monetary value. It is similar to the saying, you will catch more bees with honey than vinegar, I will have more success in getting what I am asking for by being professional and polite than by having high expectations and demanding to get what I ask for. Although both types of negotiation techniques can be successful in the appropriate setting, integrative negotiations are more practical for my line of work.

Australian case Modbury Triangle Shopping Centre Pty Ltd v Anzil

This case was heard by the High Court of Australia. In this case, the respondent was successful during the trial. Similarly, the responder proved to be successful when the Full Court of Supreme Court of South Australia heard the appeal. Under these circumstances, Modbury Triangle Shopping Center made an appeal to the High Court of Australia. The facts of this case can be briefly described as follows. In this case, the appellant, Modbury owned a shopping center. On the other hand, Mr. Anzil, the respondent was hired by a video store that had leased premises in the center. In front of the weekly shop there was a large outdoor parking for the center. The car park was owned by the shopping center, Modbury. The video store remained open until 10 PM in the night and after that time the lights of the car park were automatically switched off. In this case, the respondent was leaving his workplace at 10:30 PM on a Sunday night and the lights of the car park were turned off. Subsequently, the respondent was attacked by three unidentified persons. One of the assailants had a baseball bat and the respondent suffered serious injuries. According to the lease agreement, the lighting in the common areas like the parking area was provided. According to the discretion of the appellant had a part of the cost was paid by the tenant. Earlier, almost 2 years ago, the practice was to let the lights on at the 11 PM. Later on, a request was made by the co-manager of the video store that the lights should be allowed in the 10:15 PM but just ended and nearly 12 months before the attack, the practice was adopted to switch off the lights at 10 PM. Under these circumstances, the proprietor of the shopping center was sued by the plaintiff in negligence for his failure to exercise reasonable care and switching off the lights in the car park. In this way, the case was related with the liability of the occupier for the criminal conduct of a third party. Therefore the main issue in this case was to decide if and when a person can be held liable towards another person for a duty to take reasonable care for controlling the conduct of the third party.[1] In this case, although it was argued by the appellant that the attack could have been prevented if better lighting was present in the car park, but the majority of the judges were quite skeptical of this claim. Therefore, it appears that mainly the case was conducted on the issue if the risk of injury was created or increased by the defendant due to poor lighting. It was pointed out by the court that in this case, the claim of the building was not based on the physical conditions in the car parking (for example that he had tripped over due to bad lighting). Instead, the claim in the present case was based on the third party's deliberate criminal actions. Therefore the issue in this case was related with the liability of the defendant for an omission, particularly the liability of the defendant regarding the criminal actions of third party. It was decided by the majority of these days that Modbury, as the occupier of the premises, had a duty which did not extend to take precautions fo r preventing the physical injury was to the plaintiff by criminals. In order to decide if the occupiers had a did you get towards the persons who entered their land, the proximity test needs to be applied. In case of this test, physical proximity, circumstantial proximity and casual proximity is involved. Apart from it, under such circumstances, another test that can be used is the three stages test.[2] The three stages in this regard are if the damage suffered by the plaintiff can be described as reasonably foreseeable, if the relationship that existed between the plaintiff and defendant can be described as sufficiently proximate and if so, can it be described as fair, just and reasonable under the circumstances to impose the duty of care on the defendant. The questions that need to be asked for the purpose of deciding if there has been a breach of the required standard of care include the question if it was foreseeable, if the risk was not insignificant and if any other reasonable person would have taken the precautions under similar circumstances in which the defendant was. There are other relevant factors that also need to be considered like if the cost involved in taking the precautions would have considerably increased the cost of energy. It was also claimed by the apparent than an occupier of land is not how a duty of care, which requires the occupier to take reasonable care for preventing physical injury to the plaintiff that may be caused as a result of the criminal behavior of a third-party.[3] Therefore in the present case also, the occupier did not have any control over the actions of the attackers or on the circumstances under which the attack took place. The general rule that can be applied in the present situation is that the person does not have a duty to control the other person to prevent such person from causing damage to a third person. Generally for the purpose of occupier's liability, the duty of care in negligence regarding the physical condition of the premises arises as a result of the power that the occupier had to control the persons who enter or remain on the land and also the power of the occupiers to control the state of land. Moreover, the occupiers in a better position as compared to an entra nt to know regarding the physical condition of the premises.[4] Regarding the issue of a duty of control over third parties, it was the opinion of the majority in this case that the scope of the duties of an occupier does not extend to third parties. Apart from the exceptional circumstances or in case of the presence of the special relationship between the parties, liability is not imposed by the common   law regarding the ommission to take positive steps for the purpose of protecting the other person from the criminal actions of the other party. It was also stated in this case that if a special relationship is not present, it is not the duty of a person to take steps to prevent causing harm to another person as a result of the interactions of a third party even if such a risk can be described as foreseeable. It will also recognize by the court that under some exceptional cases, a duty can be imposed on a party to take positive steps that are required in order to prevent a reasonably foreseeable risk. That has been created independent from the conduct of the defendant. Such a situation arises in cases where there is a special or protective relationship present between the parties, and an obligation has been assumed by the defendant to protect the plaintiff.[5] It can be said that such a protective relationship is present where the defendant has the capability to control the risk of harm that may be caused to the plaintiff and in cases where the plaintiff can be described as vulnerable and depending on the plaintiff for the prevention of such harm.[6] But in the present case, it was noted by the court that the occupier was not in a position to control the actions of the assailants. Similarly, the occupier did not have any knowledge regarding the impending attack. The court stated that the middle attacks cannot be predicted and it was not possible for the occupier to control such an attack.[7] Under these circumstances, it was stated that the occupier cannot be held liable in the present case, because the immediate and direct cause of the injuries suffered by the plaintiff was the attack by the offenders and these injuries were not suffered as an absence of lighting. Similarly, this fact was also noted that responsibility was not assumed by the occupier regarding the safety of the respondent. It was reasonable for the occupier to believe that the employer of the respondent would protect him. Concerning the occupier, the respondent can be placed in similar position in which any other member of the public can be placed. Similarly in the present case, the contribution of the occupier in the injuries suffered by the respondent was negligible. If liability is imposed on the occupier, it would mean that the financial responsibility has been shifted regarding the consequences of a crime, from the wrongdoer to another person. Even if such person did not have the capability to impact the behavior due to which the injuries were caused. Moreover the court stated that there is no doubt that an occupier of land has the duty of care towards the persons who unlawfully present on the land. In the present case also, it can be said that the appellant had a duty towards the first to respond and regarding the physical condition of the car park. However, the issue in this case was related with the fact if the appellant also had a duty of the kind that is relevant for the harm that was offered by the first respondent. This issue was discussed in this case in the form of the argument related with the nature or scope of the duty. In the present case, the nature of farm caused to the respondent was in the form of physical injuries that have been caused by a third party and the respondent did not have any control over the actions of the third-party.[8] Therefore, it can be said in the present case that any relevant duty in such circumstances can be described as the duty related with the security of the respondent. It can be a duty of a person, in his position as the occupier of land, which requires him to take reasonable care for protecting the persons who were in the position of the respondent against conduct, which includes the criminal actions of the third parties. Under these circumstances, the majority decision given by the High Court was that the appeal of Modbry should be allowed on both the issues. Consequently, it was decided by the High Court that Modbury cannot be held liable for injuries suffered by Mr. Anzil. In support of the decision, it was stated by the court. That being an occupier of land, Modbury has a duty of care towards Mr. Anzil but this duty cannot be considered to be extending to take reasonable steps for the purpose of preventing the criminal actions of third parties, as a result of which, physical injuries were suffered by Mr. Anzil. Under the circumstances where Modbury did not have any control over the conduct of the attackers. The court pointed out that even if it can be said that the failure of Modbury to provide proper lighting in the car park could have facilitated the time in the same way as it had made provision for the car park and descent and decided to park his car there but it cannot be treated as the. Main cause behind the injuries suffered by Mr. Anzil. In this case, the direct cause due to which Mr. Anzil had suffered the injuries was the conduct of the three assailants over which Modbury had no control. It was also noted by the court that in this case, the inadequate lighting had not caused the concealment of a dangerous object or condition in the carpark as a result of which, damage may have been suffered by person or property. Due to the unpredictability of criminal behavior, as a general rule, and when a special relationship is not present, a duty is not imposed by the law to prevent harm to another person caused by the criminal conduct of third parties even if such harm can be described as reasonably foreseeable.[9] Therefore the court stated that the occupier, Modbury was not liable for the injuries suffered by the respondent. Chomentowski v Red Garter Restaurant Ltd (1970) 92 WN (NSW) 1070 Commissioner for Railways v McDermott [1967] 1 AC 169 at 186 Dorset Yacht Co v Home Office [1970] AC 1004 Fraser v State Transport Authority (1985) 39 SASR 57 Hill v Van Erp (1997) 188 CLR 159 at 229 Kondis v State Transport Authority (1984) 154 CLR 672 at 687 Pitt Son & Badgery Ltd v Proulefco (1984) 153 CLR 644 Public Transport Corporation v Sartori [1997] 1 VR 168 Smith v Leurs (1945) 70 CLR 256 at 262 Commissioner for Railways v McDermott [1967] 1 AC 169 at 186. Smith v Leurs (1945) 70 CLR 256 at 262 Dorset Yacht Co v Home Office [1970] AC 1004. Kondis v State Transport Authority (1984) 154 CLR 672 at 687 Hill v Van Erp (1997) 188 CLR 159 at 229 Chomentowski v Red Garter Restaurant Ltd (1970) 92 WN (NSW) 1070 Public Transport Corporation v Sartori [1997] 1 VR 168 Fraser v State Transport Authority (1985) 39 SASR 57 Pitt Son & Badgery Ltd v Proulefco (1984) 153 CLR 644

Nursing research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Nursing - Research Paper Example She is normal and not depressed although she retired from her job. Interviewing is similar to courting where two individuals have to agree on something before doing it. Connection between an interviewer and an interviewee can be seen through numerous aspects. In this interview, there was a sound and outstanding connection between the interviewer and the interviewee. This was seen through the attention that the patient gave to the questions that she was asked (Peate, 2010). She held onto her judgments and opened her mind. The patient kept her ears and eyes into what she was asked and held onto her feelings or body language that would indicate any sort of body language. Additionally, the patient remained curious and deferential throughout the interview. When the patient was engaged in the interview, she responded succinctly. The interview took place in the patient’s house, in her living room, on Monday 10th June 2013 at 6pm and took 30 minutes. Part II: General Assessment Whenev er individuals get to the age of 75 and above, they experience changes in their life. Such changes include deterioration of the person’s immune system, memory loss, wear and tear on joints and bones, skin changes and loss of sight. The patient has grey hair, vision loss, walking problems and difficulties in using the bathroom. Eyesight weakens as people get older. Research indicates that at the age of 60, eye cataracts degenerate resulting to weakened sight. Cataracts are cloudy regions in the human eye lens that cause loss of eyesight (Anderson et al, 2010). Cataracts may form and stay small and not affect eyesight while they may become large and affect eye sight. Graying of hair is a clear sign of aging. It can only be understood through delving into biology. Hair color is manufactured by melanin, a protein underneath the skin. When individuals age, the melanin cells also age and start dying out and stop making hair color. Therefore, the color of an aged person turns gray d ue to the loss of color by melanin. She cannot bear to stand in the bathroom since her joints and bones have worn out. Additionally, she needs help in order to take a bath (Anderson, 2010). The patient notes that she cannot walk for long periods and cannot walk too without a walker. The weight bearing joints and bones in an individual wear down as he or she ages. As a result, the weakened bones prevent an individual from walking. These bones could either be infected with arthritis. This results from the wearing off of cartilage in joints and, therefore, leaves the bones to rub against each other (Anderson, 2010). Additionally, the patient noted that she could not hold her bladder and stool. Loss of bladder control, commonly referred as incontinence, is a common disorder among the aged. Statistics indicate that out of 10 aged people, one is likely to have urinal incontinence. However, this problem seems to be more prevalent among women than in men. The patient is aware of her aging c ondition and understands that she cannot carryout normal daily activities without help. This is because she is unable to walk and cannot hold her bladder and stool. This makes it hard and challenging for her to do anything for herself. For instance, she faces difficulties when using the bathroom. This is because she cannot stand for long due to her weak bones and joints. The patient satisfies her basic needs through retirement or work through attending church meetings, hobbies through taking trips,

Investment in the Fashion Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Investment in the Fashion Industry - Essay Example The paper "Investment in the Fashion Industry" explores the fashion and investment in this industry. The opportunities are great although level of competition is tough. The area of Southampton has population of less than 2millions, but the potential buyers are more than 80percent of the population. The female population of the area is 52percent, whereas the teenagers comprise of more than 34percent of the entire population, and population of kids below 10yrs consists of 28percent. Significant percentage of the population can be regarded as the potential buyer within this region of Southampton. The fashion industry of Southampton has potential based upon financial standing of its population. More than 70percent of the population are working class, whereas 20percent of the population is involved in business related activities, however the remaining population is retired class and their earning is based upon pensions and public funds. The per capita income of this region is relatively b etter than other parts of United Kingdom, and the local population is attuned to contemporary customs and fashion. The region is therefore considered to be ideal for the investment in fashion industry, however risk does prevail. The risks associated with the investment are mainly related with the ongoing economic recession, the purchasing power of the local population has reduced, and people are reluctant to invest towards non-returnable and non-profitable items. The negative aspect of this investment is the profession itself., the fashion is considered to be commodity which can be sold but never re-sold. The fashion is consumer product, it is not business or commercial commodity which has re-sale in the market, the customer can never expect to make profit by investing in fashion consumables. The ongoing economic turmoil has therefore cautioned the public about their spending and savings. The unemployment in United Kingdom is expected to reach record high level, and it will take yea rs to create more earning opportunities for the public because the government savings and profit returns are restricted (Harald, 2000). PEST Analysis on Industry Political Analysis 1. The deregulation in the European market launched by the European Union created hindrances for the fashion industry. The industry has been accused of excessive profit margins, and labour law violations. 2. The stand of European Union has caused implication for the fashion industry within United Kingdom; the fashion industry therefore found it difficult to continue with the implementation of high tax cuts. 3. The restrictions imposed by the European Union offered opportunities to the remaining companies of the fashion industry, therefore the market shares of the rival fashion units increased significantly. Economic Analysis: 1. Fashion industry worldwide in general has played a central role in stirring the growth of the world economy. 2. In the current scenario the major concern for the industry comes from the rising tax cuts and ongoing economic turmoil. 3. In the midst of such economic crisis, the imposition from the European Union has reduced the profit making figures for the fashion units. 4. The financial penalties have halted the commercial activities of the company; unfortunately the company seldom enjoy enough revenue which can be utilized for such purpose. 5. The banking and financial institutes shall be referred for financial borrowing, and the credit facility shall be thoroughly evaluated with special emphasis upon the interest rate. 6. It is important for the company to evaluate the purchasing power of the customers inside Southampton. The economic power of the

Law of Tort. Majrowski v Guys and St. Thomas NHS Trust. Rylands v Coursework

Law of Tort. Majrowski v Guys and St. Thomas NHS Trust. Rylands v Fletcher - Coursework Example Therefore Ben is at liberty to pursue a claim against X Ltd. in tort for Amir’s harassment provided he can substantiate the requisite elements constituting harassment. The fact that Ben complained to management in the past and after the incident in which he was locked in a store closet will not exempt X Ltd. from liability under the principle of vicarious liability. Despite a formal warning, the harassment continued. The fact is, an employer can be vicariously liable even if the employer is not aware of the harassment leading to psychiatric injury. Since Ben can substantiate harassment for which the employer is vicarious liable under the House of Lords’ interpretation of the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 , Ben will have to prove that the harassment took place in the course of employment. An employer can only be held vicariously liable for the conduct of an employee during the course of employment. In this regard, the Salmond test is instructive. The Salmond test provides that: An employer will be liable not only for a wrongful act of an employee that he has authorized, but also for a wrongful and unauthorised mode of doing some act authorised by the master. 5 It can be inferred that since Ben complained in the past and Amir’s harassment only intensified, X Ltd. authorized the harassment and therefore Ben will be able to meet the definition of the Salmond test. As Lord Millett stated, the Salmond test would act as a guide for applying the law to different facts and circumstances.6 Vicarious liability under the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 broadens the Salmond test in that the employee need only be acting during work hours and in the workplace.7 Moreover, it was established in Jones v Tower Boot Co. Ltd., that the Salmond Test may not be applicable in cases of harassment. The Salmond test may only be applicable in cases where an employee’s tortious conduct is directed toward a third party. However, when the employee’s conduct is d irected toward another employee, the employer will not escape liability. In this regard, the phrase â€Å"in the course of employment† will be interpreted liberally.8 In the final analysis, the test to be applied in establishing vicarious liability, is whether or not the behaviour complained of was such that it had an impact on the victim’s ability to perform his duties. Essentially, what this means is that once the harassment occurs during working hours and more especially in the workplace, the employer will be liable.9 In any event, there is no doubt that the bullying and/or harassment committed by Amir, did have an impact on Ben’s ability to work. He took three weeks off work and upon his return was subjected to further bullying which rendered Ben unable to return to work. Therefore in all the circumstances, Ben has a claim against his employer, X Ltd. for harassment at work under the principles of vicarious liability. B. Amir Section 1 of the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 provides for a new head of civil/tort claims in respect of harassment. Civil/tortious liability will arise when a person embarks upon a â€Å"course of conduct† that â€Å"amounts to harassment of another†. Although harassment is not defined by the 1997 Act, the House of Lords ruled that harassment would include causing anxiety or distress†. In fact, Section 3 of the 1997 Act permits the recovery of damages in respect of anxiety and distress resulting from harassment. Moreover Section 7 (2) provides that harassment includes â€Å"alarming the person or causing the person distress†. Section 7(2) would certainly include the silent telephone calls as well as the false report that Ben’s wife was in the emergency room of the hospital. On the facts of the case for discussion, Ben has certainly suffered what can be described as anxiety or distres

OPM300 - Intro. to Operations Mgmt. CA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

OPM300 - Intro. to Operations Mgmt. CA - Essay Example Here the restrictions of time and hours on the job are lifted and the online selling is very flexible. This is also an excellent method for smaller companies to reach out to a larger audience. Here in the case of Amazon, the company will gain higher benefits than the brick and mortar stores as this allows Amazon to provide newer offers which other competition cannot provide in the brick and mortar stores. There are however a few disadvantages of the online businesses as well. Companies here have added responsibilities and tasks that need to be considered for instance, the management of updates, website security, avoidance of fraudulent activities, costs of maintain the websites and also online marketing which is a different effort apart from the normal marketing of the business (Beynon-Davies). Downloadable Books and Amazon Business: Amazon has a wide range of products that the company deals with. One of the main elements here is the sales of books. The company has in addition to sel ling books online, also created the online eBook reader referred to as Kindle which is an electronic reader and allows customers to download books. Hence if books were to be completely downloadable in the future, the company has already taken the measures and developed the systems required for the same.