Informal Settlement in Johannesburg Research Paper

Informal Settlement in Johannesburg - Research Paper Example With each single factor in a community contributing to the general quality of life of each and every individual residing there. Dr. Trevor Dummer stated that: â€Å"Geography and health are intrinsically linked. Where we are born, live, study and work directly influences our health experiences: the air we breathe, the food we eat, the viruses we are exposed to and the health services we can access†. (Health Geography: Supporting Public health, Policy and Planning, 2008) Richards, et al. (2006) indicated in his paper, that according to the World Health Organization, â€Å"deficiency of water, electricity, sanitation, ventilation, food preparation and storage in informal dwellings are associated with a range of health risks and diseases.† This paper tackles the effects of the state of living and the situation of the informal settlers’ community in Johannesburg in Africa on a person’s or a resident’s physical and mental health. Specifically, this paper discusses the informal settlers’ situation in Johannesburg, Africa and its effects on the settlers’ health, thus, aiming to try to help establish a correlation between diseases and location, prevalence and how diseases spread, a main concern in the study of health geography. REVIEW OF LITERATURE According to Mathee et al (2009), urbanization is currently taking place in areas of concentrated disadvantage, meaning in areas where large numbers of urban dwellers congregate and live in informal settlements. Jo Vearey, in the book Migration and Inequality (2013) stated that South Africa which has long been associated with the movement of people and cross-border migration was related to labor migration within the agricultural and mining sectors. Migration into South Africa has increased since the end of apartheid and Johannesburg is one of the cities that became a destination for people from different parts of the country and even from outside the continent. In Johannesburg where the population is composed of 3.2 million individuals, inequality among inhabitants is rapidly growing. And because of rapid urbanization, housing and other services proves to be challenging which results to poor households still living in informal settlements, and occupying small brick and corrugated iron backyard dwellings and derelict inner-city buildings (Mathee, et. al. 2009). Few et al. (2004) stated that in the late 1980s to early 1990s, industrial buildings such as offices, factories, warehouses and bakeries were converted and taken over for residential purposes, with 5% of the dwellings found to be overcrowded, with some buildings housing as many as 72 people. He further stated that these dwellings often have very small rooms, densely occupied, having poor or no ventilation and insulation, lacking privacy, with inadequate lighting or light sources, having common access and circulation routes and generally have inadequate sanitation facilities and water supply. Johann esburg is considerably young, having been only established in the 1880s as an off-shoot to the discovery of gold in the area. The city is an interesting area to study African urbanization relationships pertaining to health, inequality and migration. Informal urban locales are generally associated with significant health concerns and consequences as informal settlements are recognized to be important and related to migration in cities (Migration and Ineq

The Axis I and Axis II Disorders of Mental Health in Movie Bastard out Review

The Axis I and Axis II Disorders of Mental Health in Bastard out of Carolina - Movie Review Example The most common type of disorder the character "Bone" had; cognitive disorder, development disorder, mood disorder and schizophrenia, Major mental disorders, and learning disabilities; depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, ADHD. Clinical disorder: clinical disorder faced by the character Bone, due to her birth certificate stamped with the word "legitimate". For no apparent reason, Bone's stepfather will see fit to drag Bone into the bathroom and flog her degradingly. Though Anney knows about this, she loves Glen too much to leave him. Bone used to sit quietly and did not pay attention to what she is doing. She got the symptoms of; Anxiety disorder: anxiety disorder takes place to Bone, when Glenn literally beats her bloody, gets on top of her, and then rapes her. And even after Anney catches him red-handed, she still chooses him over her child, the very girl who promised she would never hate her own mother. For this reason, Bone felt depersonalization anxiety and depression. She could have diminished the ability to experience pleasure. She started avoidance of activities, places, and persons. She had a fear of being trapped and stranded without help. This situation might lead to a panic attack. Panic attack: this might attack Bone because of overwhelming fear and anxiety. The reason for this was intense and sexual abuse by her stepfather. Glen treats her like trash. Her safety net failed. She seemed her father is both a child batterer and a molester. Bone's mother blames her daughter for the violent attacks by her father. Bone developed and intellectual curiosity. A distinct period of her powerful fear and physical/mental uneasiness might originate the following: Depersonalization. Feelings of pungent. Feelings of going wild or losing control are common. Feelings of dizziness, dizzy, pale, or shaky. Trembling or shaking. Feeling of not being able to breathe. Sensations of tingling or lack of feeling. Social phobia: The character "Bone" might get social phobias with having her birth certificate stamped with the word "illegitimate" and her violent rape. This causes humiliating and embarrassing herself in her social performance. Â   Â  

Adaptive Value Of Homosexual Behavior Sociology Essay

Adaptive Value Of Homosexual Behavior Sociology Essay Studies into the evolution of humans and essentially any organism in the world clearly prove that the concepts and tenets of Evolutionary Theory are much more complicated than the common, simple idea of survival of the fittest. The subject of homosexuality is no different in this distinction; even into modern society, human behavior has been in heated debate to uncover whether it is more a result of heredity or environmental factors. Homosexuality as a biological concept and the definition I will be using refers to same-sex sexual behavior between members of the same gender. Understanding Evolution, and natural selection as an extension of it, will help to clarify and comprehend how homosexuality fits into this framework of ideas. Modern evolutionary theory incorporates both Charles Darwins observation that there is heritable variability in traits and that variants best suited to an environment are more likely to be passes on (natural selection) as well as Gregor Mendels work on how that variation is inherited to further generations. Most importantly natural selection acts on phenotypes which are observable and often measurable expressions of a trait (Stinson, Bogin and ORourke 824). Phenotypes are not purely a result of genes; they also include (most importantly) the influence and interaction with the environment. When individuals have a phenotype that is advantageous in an environment, often this results in an adaptation where their genes are most likely to survive and they are able to reproduce to contribute alleles to the next generation (Stinson, Bogin and ORourke 7). Behaviors, as we are seeing with the increasingly developing field of Sociobiology, are often a result of both biological and social components. As clinical psychologist Frank Muscarella points out when behaviors commonly exhibited by humans can be expected to have contributed to survival and reproduction in the evolutionary past those genes that influence the behavior will spread (Muscarella , Fink and Grammer 394). In regards to homosexuality, and male homosexuality specifically, this behavior fits well into this model because there is increasing evidence that there are both genetic and social aspects that predispose individuals to homosexual behavior. A common misconception about homosexual behavior is that it is both a rare occurrence and it is inherently deleterious because same-sex sexual acts do not result in offspring; yet the commonality of homosexual behavior in itself indicates that there is an evolutionary factor selecting for it. In reality homosexual behavior is and can be seen in countless species in the world. Biologist Bruce Bagemihl in his compilation of studies on animal homosexuality shows that homosexual behavior occurs in more than 450 different kinds of animals worldwide, and is found in every major geographic region and every major animal group (Bagemihl 12). Similarly biodiversity specialist R.C. Kirkpatrick in his research cataloged the geographical distribution of forms of homosexual behavior in a variety of human populations around the world (Kirkpatrick 387). So it is safe to presume that there are other factors that play into the adaptation of homosexual behavior, some may have more of a physical evolutionary basis, while others more related to social evolutionary mechanisms but many theories have become potential explanations of this seemingly paradox of evolution that occurs quite often within and between species. The important distinction is that homosexuality, like many traits, isnt attributed to one model or theory. Multiple theories attempt to help to explain how a behavior attributed to something as seemingly ironic as nonreproductive sex contributes to an adaptive advantage in human evolution. One of the first and oldest hypotheses revolves around the theory of kin selection where selection is made for increasing inclusive fitness by increasing the reproductive fitness of kin (since parents and siblings share fifty percent of their genetic material). Another similar theory revolves around the ideas of reciprocal altruism and an adaptive advantage of homosocial behavior. Lastly, a more recent theory proposes a more physical genetic basis revolving around sexual antagonism, the theory being that the same genes that promote homosocial behavior in males is beneficial to the reproductive potential of relatives. II) Kin selection Theory Kin selection theory operates on the assumption that there is some genetic basis for homosexuality and genes for it are maintained in a population by homosexuals increasing their inclusive fitness by contributing to the reproductive success of relatives, in theory these kin would then have a better chance of reproducing and of carrying foreword genes common to both the homosexual and his kin (McKnight 129). Unfortunately I believe lack of data has led to this hypothesis being prematurely discredited by many researchers. On the other hand inconsistencies and the lack of data as Ive seen is more due to the types on environments the studies are being done in. A study on the role of homosexuality in males using data from London residents found that there were no significant differences between heterosexual and homosexual men in general familial affinity, generous feelings (willingness to provide financial and emotional resources), and benevolent tendencies (Rahman and Hull 462). However modern western and industrial societies are vastly different than the historical environments where much of human evolution has taken place. Taking into account the length of time we can track homosexual behavior has persisted, its most likely that this adaptation is a result of a specific type of environment and cultures that are more representative of ancestral environments will likely give us a better case study. A great case study by evolutionary psychologists Paul Vasey and Doug VanderLaan also tested this theory Samoan Pacific Islanders; within Samoan culture there is a gender category of men called faafafine that tend to be exclusively attracted to other adult men, an excellent parallel to exclusive homosexual behavior (Association for Psychological Science). They found that the faafafine are much more altruistically inclined toward their nieces and nephews than either Samoan women or heterosexual men (Association for Psychological Science). On the surface it doesnt seem like kin selection alone is enough to offset the costs of forgoing direct reproduction, yet more and more data is becoming evident that a combination of biological and social mechanisms may contribute to offset these costs. Again specialist Kirkpatrick helps us understand the forces that may be at work; kin selection operates on three basic assumptions (1) that homosexual behavior reduces individual reproductive success, (2) that lineages with homosexuals have greater reproductive success than lineages without, and (3) that homosexual behavior is typically seen in individuals of low reproductive potential (Kirkpatrick 391). The third observation that this behavior is seen in individuals with low reproductive potential is an important aspect of our next theory. III) Reciprocal Altruism and Homosocial Behavior Altruistic behavior is essentially any behavior of an individual that benefits another unrelated individual at a cost to its own reproductive fitness. As an extension of this, reciprocal altruism assumes that this cost is offset by the likelihood of the return benefit (Trivers 35). Applied with research on homosexual behavior there is strong evidence that this type of behavior is an evolutionary benefit for social relationships and is closely linked with survival. This theory has become known as the Alliance Theory and supposes that same-sex sexual behavior may have reinforced same-sex alliances, which contributed directly to survival and indirectly to reproduction (Muscarella, Cevallos and Siler-Knogl 771). An important and vital aspect of this theory is to recognize that homosexual behavior does not discount the occurrence of heterosexual behavior. In fact as Muscarella points out individuals in many species including humans both heteroerotic and homoerotic behavior have been impor tant social aspects for most of our evolutionary history (Muscarella, The Evolution of Homoerotic Behavior in Humans 53). Same-sex sexual behavior in humans likely contributed to survival by reinforcing social alliances; by forming social ties, overall survival of members would be directly increased as well as lower status individuals increasing their reproductive fitness by gaining access to mates through a higher ranked member. Average reproductive success increases by adapting to include a moderate level of homosexual behavior (Kirkpatrick 389). This type of relationship can be seen in both chimpanzees and gorillas where lower status males that form same-sex alliances with higher status males both increase their survival potential and in many cases increase reproductive potential due to the higher status male allowing reproduction with female members ( (Muscarella, The Evolution of Homoerotic Behavior in Humans 61); (Kirkpatrick 397)). Its likely that genes predisposing behaviors for altruistic behavior, which are a clear adaptive advantage especially in complex social species, are at least to a certain extent the same genes that influence homosexual behavior. IV) Antagonistic Pleiotropy Genetics in particular are a complicated study because in many cases genes have multiple effects, these can be based on stages of life and even have separate effects regarding different sexes of the same species. Regarding antagonistic pleiotropy, being the concept that a beneficial effect to one group can have detrimental effects in another, there are two situations that revolve around the same concept. In the first theory it assumes that there is some reproductive advantage to having homosexual alleles in heterosexual or bisexual men, while at some point this becomes a disadvantage as reproductive potential passes the peak level. Likely this advantage relates to an immediate reproductive advantage by directly enhancing sex drive or some other aspect of sexual performance (McKnight 76). This creates a great environment for case studies and twin studies in particular are excellent to examine whether this is a plausible explanation. In a twin study carried out on a large number of par ticipants heterosexuals with a non-heterosexual twin tended to have more opposite-sex partners than do heterosexual twin pairs indicating that genes responsible for homosexual predispositions likely have a reproductive benefit in heterosexuals (Zietsch, Morley and Shekar 424). Similarly, the next situation proposes that the same genes responsible for homosexual behavior in men are also responsible for higher fecundity in female relatives. Using pedigree demographics comparing both the maternal and paternal line of 98 homosexual and 100 heterosexual men and their relatives, evolutionary psychologist Andrea Camperio-Ciani found that female maternal relatives of homosexuals have higher fecundity than female maternal relatives of heterosexuals and that this difference is not found in female paternal relatives (Ciani, Francesca and Capiluppi, Evidence for Maternally Inherited Factors Favouring Male Homosexuality and Promoting Female Fecundity 2217). This along with a second study that fo und this trend in even first time mothers supports the theory of homosexuality as antagonistic selection where the same genes selected for higher fecundity in females promote homosexual behavior in males (Iemmola and Camperio-Ciani 393). V) Conclusions Its obvious that the evolution of male homosexuality as an adaptation has many facets, understandably its just as complicated as any human social behavior, but we are gaining ground on understanding the genetic and social implications of behavior and how evolution has shaped these in humans. Overall however its becoming more a more evident that the survival of a human predisposition for homosexuality can be explained by sexual orientation being a trait that is influenced by a number of pleitropic genes (Miller 45). For this reason a singular theory is highly unlikely to be sufficient to explain something as complex as homosexuality; multiple theories then likely contribute to the overall model. A gene for altruism, and as an extension homosexuality, likely plays a very important role in Kin selection theory; and it is also probable that sexual antagonism helps offset the cost of non reproductive behavior. No one theory will be sufficient, but with the combined perspectives and resear ch of genetics, sociobiology, psychology and other disciplines the adaptive benefit of this behavior will become more understandable.

Symbols and Symbolism in The Yellow Wallpaper and A Rose for Emily

Symbolism in The Yellow Wallpaper and A Rose for Emily      Ã‚   William Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily" and Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" hold numerous similarities. Both stories show the influences of society and the slow decay on a particular woman. The title of each piece becomes important to the plot and ultimate outcome. In several ways, each title takes shape to portray symbolism in one sense or another. The references to color identify contradictory messages to those who have not heard of these stories, while the title itself takes physical form and is "living" at some point in the piece.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When first assigned to read "The Yellow Wallpaper," a student may think of a bright, cheerful paper covered room. Little does he realize that, instead of a stereotypical yellow, the wallpaper's "color is...almost revolting; a smouldering unclean yellow" (Gilman15). It reminds the narrator of "all the yellow things [she] ever saw--not beautiful ones... but old foul, bad yellow things" (23). According to Carol Westcamp, "the author designed the wallpaper...to be yellow for a reason" ("Smouldering"). Even though "yellow is often viewed as a cheerful, joyful color...[it] can also cause unpleasant, exciting, and hostile moods due its symbolism" (Westcamp). The wallpaper takes on a distinctive odor that " 'creeps all over the house,' drenching every room in its subtle aroma of decay" (Gilbert 35). The only thing the narrator "can think of that [the smell] is like is the color of the paper! A yellow smell" (Kivo 23). The narrator feels herself being drawn closer to the brin k of insanity by the maddening color and begs her husband to do something about the paper, but he simply laughs at her.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the... ...apy. New York: University Books, 1961.    Dillon, George L. "Styles of Reading." Polk 47-62.    Gilbert, Sandra M. and Susan Gumar. "The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth Century Literary Imagination." New Haven: Yale UP, 1979. Kivo 44-46.    Kivo, Carol, ed. The Harcourt Brace Casebook Series in Literature: "The Yellow Wallpaper." Fort Worth: Harcourt, 1997.    Polk, Noel, ed. William Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily." The Harcourt Casebook Series in Literature. Fort Worth: Harcourt, 2000.    Scherting, Jack. "Emily Grierson's Oedipus Complex: Motif, Motive, and Meaning in Faulkner's 'A Rose for Emily.'" Polk, 110-119.    Westcamp, Carol. "A Smouldering Unclean Yellow: An Analysis of 'The Yellow Wallpaper.'" Online. Ixquick. 4 Mar. 2002.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   <http://arapaho.nsuok.edu/~english/westcamp.html>

Critically evaluate Samuel Huntington’s claims in “The Clash of Civilizations?” Essay

The abrupt end of the Cold War meant that the bipolar model of thinking which had dominated the sphere of World Politics for decades became obsolete. This new phase led to a renewal in thinking in the study of International Relations dubbed â€Å"the hundred schools of thought† which led to a wide spectrum of visions about the uncertain future of world affairs. One of the more prominent visions was the late Professor Samuel Huntington’s â€Å"Clash of Civilizations? † published in a 1993 Foreign Affairs article, where he predicted a growing pattern of conflict based on differences in cultural, religious and historical identity of entities he labelled civilizations instead of the ideological differences of the Cold War Era. Huntington’s thesis was a Realist response to Fukuyama’s 1992 book, The End of History and the Last Man. Fukuyama argued that the post-1991 world was left with no viable ideological alternative to liberal democracy and the free market economy predicting a new era of global consensus on democracy, justice, human rights and cooperation. ‘The nation will continue to be a central pole of identification, even if more and more nations come to share common economic and political forms of organization. ‘i Huntington’s premise was that ‘The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. Nation states will remain as the most powerful actors in world affairs but the principal conflicts of global politics will occur between nations and groups of different civilizations. ‘ii The controversial nature of Huntington’s thesis ensured the stern critique by some of his fellow academics for reasons including oversimplification, neglecting contradicting factors and inaccurate predictions. The tragedy of 9/11 and the events that followed revived the confidence in his thesis by his supporters who saw this as the conformation of Huntington’s predictions notably the inconsolable clash between Islam and the West. Huntington begins by describing the historical evolution of the nature of conflicts in the Western World; from the competition between monarchs and emperors for territorial and mercantile expansion leading to the emergence of nation states beginning with the French Revolution, to the rise of ideological conflict after the Bolshevik Revolutioniii. His Eurocentric bias is clear early as he quotes and perpetuates an idea put forward before by William Lind that these were primarily ‘Western Civil Wars’. Labelling World War II, the deadliest military conflict in history which involved the majority of the world’s nations, as such greatly diminishes the involvement and sacrifices made by people across the world. Notably the Soviet Union which was mainly composed of nations Huntington would regard as part of a Slavic-Orthodox civilization sustained the highest amount of casualties totalling at around twenty-seven millioniv. Later in the paragraph, Huntington writes ‘peoples and governments of non-Western civilizations no longer remain the objects of history as targets of Western colonialism but join the West as movers of history’ as if to suggest that events occurring in non-western parts of the world somehow do not constitute as history if they don’t involve or have a felt effect upon Western society. Although the leadership of the West in fields such as science, technology and engineering for the larger part in recent centuries is indisputable; Jewish philosophy, Hindu mathematics, Muslim astronomy and engineering contributed significantly to the foundations of what we know today and this shouldn’t be undermined. The sharing and borrowing of ideas between the different corners of the world through the millennia’s that’s still going on today suggests a long-term cooperation instead of a clash of civilizations in our common pursuit of knowledge. According to Huntington a civilization is ‘ the highest cultural grouping of people and the broadest level of cultural identity’v. He divides the world’s population into seven civilizations as well as hinting at the possibility of a Caribbean and an African civilization; Africa being indeed a continent known for its vast diversity of cultures and traditionsvi. He defines a civilization by what he calls objective elements such as language, history and primarily religion as well as by the subjective self-identification of people. Huntington argues the onset of globalization has led to increased levels of interaction between peoples of different civilizations, which in turn intensifies civilization consciousness and brings to the forefront their cultural differences which unlike ideological and political differences are fundamental and much less mutable and hence less easily compromised. It’s clear that people instinctively identify themselves closely to others who share common traditions, customs and history; I hold the belief however that Huntington downplays the penetration of globalization and focuses on one aspect of its possible consequences. It’s not the differences that drive cultural conflict between peoples; it’s the lack of understanding which in turn creates prejudices and fears. The increased interactions between peoples have led to a wider acceptance of and fascination with other cultures, helping us understand why foreign societies live the way they do. Huntington argues: ‘†¦Russians cannot become Estonians and Azeri’s cannot become Armenian’vii. An Estonian living in Russia will absorb aspects of Russian culture depending on one’s willingness, length of stay and the extent to which one feels alienated or accepted by Russian society. Thus the objective elements invoked are not convincingly definitive in determining one’s identity; an Englishman may choose to convert to Islam while a Chinese citizen in Shanghai may choose to learn French as a pastime. Globalization in itself has penetrated the long-standing limitations in global trade of the past; politicians ever increasingly have to consider the global implications of domestic policy. More than ever national states around the world are dependent upon each other; the United States Demands Chinese goods while China needs the US to buy its goods. Huntington ascribes ideas such as constitutionalism, human rights, the rule of law, free markets and democracy as Western; unable to gain a foothold in other civilizations. He writes: ‘Modern democratic government originated in the West. When it has developed in non-western societies it has usually been the product of the western colonialism or imposition’viii. suggesting that somehow peoples of other civilizations may not be able to sustain or see the benefits of a form of democratic governance. The people of India would point out that democratic government was formed in their country despite, not because of the Westix. Today more than two-thirds of the world’s governments operate in some form of democracy, which reaffirms the idea that democracy is a universal value, contradicting Huntington’s view of its general Western exclusivity. If asked, most Middle-Easterners would prefer the idea of a democratic to authoritarian governancex; the limitation of democratic development in the region however is a product of the unstable and incompatible political landscape rather than the irreconcilability of the culture. Defining the religious aspects of the Western Civilization, Huntington justifies the grouping of Protestant and Catholic Christians into a single entity by emphasizing shared experiences in European history such as the Renaissance, the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution which in turn separates them from the Orthodox Christians beyond Central Europexi. Although it is evident that the closer proximity of those events has influenced Protestants and Catholics more than their Orthodox counterparts, the closer resemblance of Catholic and Orthodox practices and beliefs as opposed to Protestants is however neglected. Huntington consistently appeals to religion as the primary source of cultural identity, rightly so, to a Christian the creeds of their religion have a profound influence on their world view and thus how they would identify themselves. When speaking of the Islamic civilization however, Huntington doesn’t seem to make the effort to differentiate between the major denominations of Shia, Sunni and Sufism which have so strongly influenced the historical and especially current political landscape of the Middle-East. In a passionate attempt to warn his fellow Americans of the potential threats that their country may face in the post-Cold War environment, Huntington essentially perpetuated ideas that were dangerous and self-fulfilling. The existence of a Confucian-Islamic connection that may threaten the West described by Huntingtonxii is yet to be empirically verified, as the Chinese and US economies remain inter-linked and Barrack Obama moves towards a policy of dialogue in the Middle-East. Given the history of US foreign policy, legislators would have found Huntington’s paradigm easy to understand and convenient in terms of implementation. A worldview of distrust towards foreign powers that demands the maintaining of military superiority in the name of security panders to the powerful military industrial complex in the US. In order to maintain peace, global stability and have any hopes of dealing with transnational issues such as global warming, policy makers should regard all nations as members of the world community and work closer with international organizations such as the UN and WTO in establishing universal laws. The alienation and coercion of other governments will indeed create an atmosphere of antagonism and hostility.

Preparation and Reactivity of Sn1 2-Bromobutane

Preparation and SN1 Reactivity of 2-Bromobutane Paul DeJong Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4160 Submitted: April 4, 2013 Introduction The purpose of part 1 of the lab is to prepare 2-Bromobutane using SN1 reactions. The purpose of part 2 of the lab is to determine the relative reactivity of alkyl halides under SN1 conditions. Results and Discussion The Overall Reaction The Proposed Mechanism Experimental Procedure To prepare 2-bromobutane in part one of the lab, you have to set up a flask apparatus with a thermowell and a Claisen adapter.Attached to the Claisen adapter is a thermometer measuring the temperature in the flask and a vertical condenser for reflux. Add in the reactants to the flask, sulfuric acid, 2-butanol, and ammonium bromide. Heat to 95OC and then maintain temperature for 30 minutes. Then, water was added and simple distillation began. The aqueous layer of the distillate was removed leaving the product, 2-bromobutane. For part 2, two drops of each of the following were placed in 3 different test tubes: 2-bromobutane, 1-bromoutane and 2-bromo-2-methylpropane.In each of the tubes an even amount of silver nitrate is added. Observations of the reactions precipitate are recorded. Same process is done with 2-chlorobutane, 2-iodobutane, and 2-bromobutane. Experimental Stoichiometry Compound| Molecularweight| Quantity| Moles| 2-butanol| 74. 12 g| 7. 4 mL (6. 0 g)| 0. 081| Sulfuric acid| 98. 08 g| 20 mL (12M)| 0. 24| Ammonium bromide| 97. 94 g| 8. 0 g| 0. 082| The limiting reactant is 2-butanol. Yield Data 2-bromobutane| | Molecular Weight| 137. 02 g|Theoretical Yield (moles)| 0. 081 mol| Theoretical Yield (grams)| 11. 10 g| Actual Yield| 10. 11 g| NMR Table Signal| Chemical Shift| Multiplicity| Integration| A| 4. 11| Multiplet| 1H| B| 1. 85| Pentet| 2H| C| 1. 60| Doublet| 3H| D| 1. 08| Triplet| 3H| Reactivity of Alkyl Halides Compound| Observations at Room Temp| Observations upon Heating| 1-bromobutane| Clear| Very little change but some white ppt| 2-bromobutane| Clear| Moderately cloudy white ppt| 2-bromo-2-methylpropane| Brown tint| Very milky white ppt|Compound| Observations at Room temp| Observations upon heating| 2-chlorobutane| Clear| No ppt at all| 2-bromobutane| Clear| Moderately white and some yellow ppt| 2-iodobutane| Dark brown| Thick, milky white and yellow ppt| Conclusion Overall, the first part of the lab produced 2-bromobutane using SN1 reactions. This product was then used in the second part of the experiment to determine the relative reactivities of alkyl halides. Reactivity increases as follows 1O < 2O < 3O and Cl- < Br- < I –

Delving into macbeth essays

Delving into macbeth essays Macbeths character and the changes he undergoes can be traced throughout the events of Shakespeares The Tragedy of Macbeth. He begins the play as a good man who has just taken up the reputation of a valiant man who has done well for his country. However, with one single act of killing the king, he brings about his downfall. Macbeths deterioration in morality and plagued feelings of guilt and fear dominate his character as he stumbles towards his death. Macbeth is first introduced as a nobleman who had just saved Scotland from the Norwegian king and successfully subdued two rebellions. He is portrayed as brave Macbeth, one who has valiantly killed many enemies, whose sword smoked with bloody execution, and is even associated with the goddess of war, Belonas Bridegroom. Such successes won over favor from the king and a promising future. The positive image that Macbeth is presented through is quickly challenged, and his ambitious nature to aspire to become king is revealed after he hears the prophecies of the witches that he would become Thane of Cawdor and even king. The first prophecy, of being Thane of Cawdor was immediately fulfilled after the witches left Macbeth, which led him to believe that it was possible for him to become king. This reveals that Macbeth may possibly have longed for the throne, but had never seriously considered it, but with some encouragement, he is ready to seize the position of the king. However Macbeth is revealed as an innately good man through his soliloquy in contemplating the murder of the king. Such horrible imaginings are so atrocious to him that he feels smothered in surmise, and unable to function normally throughout the day. Despite the effects of the horrid thoughts of murder that plague Macbeth, he is found to be continually lost in the contemplation of murder. He himself is ashamed of such thoughts, henc...

Governing document of the United States Essay Example

Governing document of the United States Essay Example Governing document of the United States Paper Governing document of the United States Paper There is no right to healthcare, at least not in the sense that there is a right to freedom of speech or freedom of religion. It is not an enumerated â€Å"right† in the Constitution or in the Bill of Rights. However, the Supreme Court has held that the rights listed in those documents is not meant to be inclusive all rights and that other rights could exist and be added as time progresses. Furthermore, whether it is a listed right in the governing document of the United States, it is reasonable to assume that we have implied a right to healthcare for our citizens by creating ever-growing social programs to provide healthcare since the advent of Social Security. : And, as the last industrialized nation in the world that does not provide universal healthcare, it is the shame of a nation that a growing number of citizens do not have access to basic health necessities. Moreover, the right to healthcare should probably be viewed as a fundamental human right, as a necessary part of the freedom to live. The simple truth of the matter is that the American health care system is the best in the world. We have the technology and facilities and health care professionals needed to see that every man, woman and child in the country has access to healthcare. The problem appears to be in the distribution of these facilities and professionals and the cost of the technology.   And, the secondary consideration is how much health care is enough? At some point the determination must be made of how much healthcare people have a fundamental right to expect. This may, in fact, be a place where having access to the best medical care in the world is a drawback and not an advantage.   Where do we draw the line between what is necessary healthcare and what is luxury? For example, if an 84-year-old woman from a family that generally lives well into their 90s needs rotator cuff surgery, should she have as much of a right to the surgery as a 40-year-old man who needs the same surgery to do his job?   Should expensive treatments or experimental drugs be covered in a basic health plan that covers everyone in the nation? Or, should the health plan only cover the most basic needs, like immunizations and wellness checkups? The answer lies somewhere in between.   It is not financially feasible for the government to provide unlimited access to healthcare for all the citizens of the country. Other countries have tried and often find their more wealthy citizens seeking out health care in the United States rather than wait for access to the needed healthcare in their own country. The fine balance between capitalism and socialized medicine is a difficult one. The government must still encourage capitalism among drug companies and doctors as the competition leads to progress in medical care. However, the government must also control the rising costs of health care so that it can afford to provide universal health care. So, who gets to decide what coverage the average citizen is entitled to and where the limits apply?   Who decides what health care is necessary and what is frivolous? And, if we have socialized medicine, and some medical treatment is considered a luxury, would it not simply create and even more two-tiered for health care than already exists? If some health care is considered a luxury, is it not even more a case of the haves and have nots than currently faces Americans. And, does that mean we value the lives of young more than those of the old or the lives of the rich more than the lives of poor? The reality is that a commission of medical professionals such as though who currently determine what Medicare covers could be put in charge of determining what health care people have a right to. The only fair way to provide health care would be to provide each and every citizen with whatever health care they need. However, this kind of a requirement places a responsibility of the citizens that goes hand in hand with the rights. If there is a right to health care, an inherent responsibility to try to do everything we can to make our lives more comfortable, healthy and lengthy, then there is a universal responsibility to pay for the health. Countries which have universal health care pay taxes considerably higher than Americans are used to paying. In short, there may be an inherent right to healthcare, but if so, it comes with a deep responsibility to every taxpayer to work to fund the system. This is in many ways what is wrong with the current proposals in California and Illinois for healthcare for all citizens. The proposal seek to extend healthcare to the working poor, and the unworking poor, but make no provisions to be certain that those people pay a share of the expense. One way to deal with this might be a system similar to Switzerland’s where the country provides healthcare for everyone but there is a cost to each citizen. Those who do not pay their share face criminal charges and jail time.

Accounting Earnings and Cash Flows

Longreach Ltd has adopted the international accounting standard and the objective of the standard in relation to the impairment of assets is prescribing the procedures to ensure that the assets are carried at not more than recoverable amount. Since the assets are described as impaired under this standard, it is required by the entity to recognize the loss arising from impairment. There are several types of assets included in the entity in both the profit and non-profit organization. Such assets are segmented into various section and those employed for carrying out the current operation are deemed as the current assets (Bevis 2013). Fixed assets on the other hand serves the entity for longer period. An entity may comprised of several intellectual assets other than current and fixed assets such as trademark, copyright assets and many more. It also comprised of assets emerged from the acquisition or due to the growing popularity among consumers are also included along with the goodwill and brand. The organization can increase its revenue by directly employing such assets. There are also intangible assets, which are not physical and cannot be measured in units. In the books of account, such assets are maintained at the amount purchased (Briloff 2013). There is a significant decline in the real value of the assets with the time. The company at the real time value applies impairment and the decreased amount is adjusted in the impairment account. Decline in the value of asset leads to loss, which is viewed as loss due to impairment. There are certain common factors applicable to the numerous assets and several factors influences the asset value. Value of machinery, equipment and several tools is based on the manufacturing capability and usage. It is viewed that the upcoming g production capability of these assets might decrease due to their increased usage in the production (Dechow 2012). The older equipment and machineries decreases in the value and eventually it becomes obsolete because of the emergence of modern machineries and equipment. The value of land gradually increase due to various factors such as over population, new cities emergence and transformation of the locality. Due to the alterations in the choice of consumers and modern technology emergence, the trademark along with the patent right tends to fall in value. Goodwill is falsified in the event of acquiring any acquisition and it serves as an additional value (Gray et al. 2013). The goodwill imbibed in purchasing the assets falls significantly when there is the reduction in the value of the assets. There is need to the financial report as per the requirement of the stakeholders because the stakeholders have different interest over the organization. Government and the accounting standards signifies huge importance in the interest of shareholders. It is desired by the stakeholders that financial reports must represent the true and fair value of the asset and liabilities of the listed companies. Due to the emergence of the modern machineries at the lower price, the market value of the machineries has turned out to be half of the real value cost. There can be the case when the organization has acquired the machinery before five years. If the cost price of certain machinery is presented in the financial report, it would indicate that the asset are overvalued. This would not represents the true and fair value of the assets. Valuing the assets of the organization are considered an efficient investment option by the shareholders (Maas et al. 2016). Shareholders of the company may take faulty investment decision if the shareholders rely their investment decisions on the overvalued financial statements, if the organization does not represents the fair and true value of the assets. The accounting board for gaining the shareholders interest has introduced the impairment concept. Introduction of the government policies and the accounting standards outlines the instruction for the impairment of the assets along with the general financial statements. When the carrying amount of the assets exceed the recoverable amount, it is required to carry out the test of impairment at that time. In the books of accounts of the assets, the carrying amount is recorded. The purchasing cost of the assets represents such amount and it is depreciated in relation to the appropriate technique of depreciation (Huian 2013). The asset fair value can be selected as the amount recovered after all the anticipated expenses of the assets are reduced by the organization. Asset value can be regarded as another recoverable amount. The net cash flow of the entity anticipated to be collected from the assets is referred to as the value. The higher value among the two can be chosen in accordance with the IAS 36. If we consider IAS 36, the loss arising from the impairment is measured by reducing the recoverable amount of assets from their carrying amount (Aasb.gov.au 2017). Since the book value of the asset is reduced, the impairment loss attributed to the respective assets are debited. In addition to this, the maintenance of the accounting amount of the assets has decreased the value. Such impairment loss is adjusted in the income statement in the year-end along with the profit and loss account. The loss is representing as the non-operating loss in the income statement. The overall value of the shareholder is decrea sed if the impairment loss is credited in the revaluation surplus account. In case of the assets that are generally considered as the Cash Generating Units that encompasses the goodwill, which has resulted from the acquisition of the assets. The impairment loss is not adjusted accordingly in this case. The impairment loss can be calculated as per the aforementioned method if the overall value of the cash-generating unit requires being impaired. Moreover, the loss is adjusted with the Goodwill account. In the event of making adjustment with the goodwill, certain amount is left, and then the remaining amount is aligned with the CGU assets (Rappaport 2012). This is relied on the book value of the assets. Aasb.gov.au. (2017). Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB136_07-04_COMPapr07_07-07.pdf [Accessed 18 Jan. 2017]. Bevis, H.W., 2013.  Corporate Financial Accounting in a Competitive Economy (RLE Accounting). Routledge. Briloff, A.J., 2013.  The truth about corporate accounting. Harpercollins. Dechow, P.M., 2012. Accounting earnings and cash flows as measures of firm performance: The role of accounting accruals.  Journal of accounting and economics,  18(1), pp.3-42. Gray, R., Owen, D. and Adams, C., 2013.  Accounting & accountability: changes and challenges in corporate social and environmental reporting. Prentice Hall. Huian, M., 2013. Stakeholder’s participation in the development of the new accounting rules regarding the impairment of financial assets.  Business Management Dynamics,  2(9), pp.23-35. Maas, K., Schaltegger, S. and Crutzen, N., 2016. Integrating corporate sustainability assessment, management accounting, control, and reporting.  Journal of Cleaner Production. Paton, W.A. and Littleton, A.C., 2012.  An introduction to corporate accounting standards  (No. 3). American Accounting Association. Rappaport, A., 2012. Establishing objectives for published corporate accounting reports.  The Accounting Review,  39(4), pp.951-962. Rennekamp, K., Rupar, K.K. and Seybert, N., 2014. Impaired judgment: The effects of asset impairment reversibility and cognitive dissonance on future investment.  The Accounting Review,  90(2), pp.739-759.

Critical review for movie Casablanca Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical review for movie Casablanca - Essay Example Then by train, car or on foot through North Africa in Casablanca, French Morocco. Here, the lucky ones, thanks to money or friends, could get exit visas and run further, in Lisbon and thence to the New World. Others had to wait in Casablanca. Victor and Ilsa tried to get out of Casablanca by all means, because Gestapo trailed them and Major Strasser has arrived to the city. With the support of the Prefect of Police, Captain Renault, Strasser tries to block Laszlo’s path to freedom. In this complex situation, it appears that the only person who can help the Laszlos is Rick. Everything is clear with the first character, Rick Blaine. Hiding under the guise of fictitious skepticism and indifference he stays the inspired fighter for justice. It’s much harder with Ilsa Lund. On the one hand, it seems she is naive, trusting and maybe even spineless, if we look at how torn she is between two men. On the other hand, she has tragic experience and has a strong moral compass. Behind her crystal clear purity we see hiding pain of loss, when she was losing one beloved man after another. Michael Curtiz was the one who tried to understand that complex psychological drama of the characters and make that story appealing. The general set-up is clear, but lets add to all this the bloody war, human struggle, nobility, dignity, faith and you will get Casablanca - the film that became the genuine classic of cinematograph. This romantic drama does not reflect the realities of war, but gives a general feeling that prevailed in the American and European societies at tha t time. Films are not called the classics just for nothing. Curtiz’s film has all the most faithful reasons to be one. Behind the apparent truism (or even banality) we see a hidden socio-political conflict, which does not spoil the movie; instead it raises it to another level. The problems of three little people don’t really amount to a hill of beans in this crazy world. Love or

Examining the controversial dilemma MNCs (multinational corporations) Thesis

Examining the controversial dilemma MNCs (multinational corporations) face in EMEs (emerging market economies) while simultaneously focusing on economic growth and social responsibility - Thesis Example If the companies and organizations only stress on generating profit, then that endeavor will not be a helpful one for them in the long run. For acquiring vigorous market goodwill and for remaining in the market (in the local as well as global market) as a dominant player they have to take in to consideration the ethical aspects of society and environment as a simultaneous mechanism with growth and development strategies of business and they have to become good corporate citizens. In this respect, the notion of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) along with its various codes of conducts carries a considerable importance. Effective functioning of CSR is aimed at the establishment of socially responsible business practices within the organizations both locally and globally. With thorough multiplication of liberalization and globalization processes across the world since the 1990s, the rise of CSR agenda can be attributed as a significant development with the domain of that multiplication. The popular business mantra, â€Å"doing well by doing good† (Ciconte & Jacob, 2011, p.196) (associated with cause related marketing) became a common manifestation of CSR in the beginning of the 1990s. The underlying meaning of this mantra states that organizations can be successful by serving the broader societal interests at the same time satisfying the narrow interest of their stakeholders. Yes, it can be stated that the realization of implementing CSR is almost omnipotent among all the big companies in the world today but its very concept still attaches robust elements of confusion with itself. There have been stringent efforts by the firms in keeping the CSR policies at the apex of their business strategies but one of the major constraints is that only a h andful of them have been able to realize the way in which an integrated business strategy incorporating the agenda of society may be configured. It can be inferred that there still exists a

G-III Apparel Group Inc IPO Valuation Case Study

G-III Apparel Group Inc IPO Valuation - Case Study Example The growth looks impressive, but the firm should not expect that type of continuous growth since in the apparel industry prolonged above average growth is rare. The company operates in a fragmented industry, but its 10% market share is relative large which gives the firm a competitive advantage. The company is perfectly positioned to achieve further growth by utilizing an acquisitions strategy. A positive aspect of the IPO plans of the firm is that company plans on reducing its long term and short term obligations from $22.3 million to $6.4 million. This strategic move is very wise because the firm is reducing its fixed costs by lowering its total debt. The organization has a workforce composed of 235 employees. G-III generated in 1989 total sales of $98.78 million. A strategy that has helped the company generate revenues at different price points is the use of multiple brands. Three of the brands the firm owns are G-III, Siena, and Cayenne. 6. Who is Oppenheimer? What was the role o f Oppenheimer in the process? Was Oppenheimer’s role commensurate with its fees? Oppenheimer is the firm that handled the IPO. The person from Oppenheimer that was in charge of the IPO was Richard White. The IPO process began in September 1989 and it was completed three months later on December of 1989. The stock of G-III following the IPO was going to be traded in NASDAQ. The underwriter price obtained by Oppenheimer was $0.91per share. I believe the fees that Oppenheimer negotiated were reasonable. The $0.91 per share price was equivalent to a 7% commission. 7. Was $13 an appropriate price for G-III? What was the intrinsic value of a share of G-III? The intrinsic value of a stock can be defined as the actual value of the firm which may be different that the market value of the shares of a company. There are several metrics that can help an investor determine the intrinsic value of a company. The book value of G-III can be calculated by subtracting total debt from total asse ts (Little). Prior to the IPO the book value of the company was $18,923,000. The book value per share of the company was $4.07 (18923000 / 4644144). The market to book ratio assuming the $13 price is the market price was $3.19. The earnings per share of the firm in 1989 was $1.28. The price earnings ratio is calculated dividing the market price of the company by its EPS (Garrison & Noreen). Based on the $13 IPO price the price-earnings ratio of the company is $10.15. Due to the intrinsic value of the company I believe that the firm got a good deal by selling the stocks at $13, since this price is three times higher than the book value of the firm. 8. How would picking the wrong comparables influence estimates? Choosing the wrong comparable can distort the information which can lead to making bad decisions in regards to the valuation of G-III. One of the problems the company faced when it was choosing comparables was that most companies in this niche industry were not public which ma de it hard to find information regarding the industry financial performance norm. The problem with choosing wrong comparables is that it can undervalue or overvalue a firm. If the analysis undervalues the firm the company would be selling the stock at too cheap of a price. An overvaluation could hurt the company because investors might not be willing to buy at the high price which could lead to disastrous results in the IPO. 12. Did G-III display

The Capabilities And Limitations Of Intelligence In Supporting Essay

The Capabilities And Limitations Of Intelligence In Supporting Homeland Security - Essay Example The fusion centers recommend the 9/11 Act that belongs to the state and local government in federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial governments. The intention is to share crucial information concerning terror threats, criminal activities, and any other related hazards. The goal of state and local fusion is to satisfy the customer needs at the federal and the local needs. The federal government maintains that it uses fusion centers as focal points to disseminate terrorism-related information to state and local governments. The transformation of United States intelligence entails editing of blueprints of the intelligence officers and the description they seek to accomplish. True intelligence transformation fuses creative business practices and the selected technologies for achieving strategic advantage. President Obama issues Intelligence Community Directive that stipulates that it is the duty of Intelligence Community to provide, discover, and request criminal information incon sistent with the tenets of DHS commitment to information sharing. In 2005, the 9/11 Commission stated that the nation has made minimal progress toward the seamless information sharing system. In 2009, the Markle report found that it was the responsibility of the Executive of America and Congress to reaffirm information sharing as its top priority. In addition to that, it was the duty of them to those policymakers has the best information to inform their decisions. The creation of the DHS in 2002 is in line with terror attacks.

Collective memory and Public Discourse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Collective memory and Public Discourse - Essay Example The foundation of Christian faith is based on the existence of Jesus Christ, the Son of God who was sent to save the world from sin by dying on the cross and rising from the dead after three days. Christ's resurrection gives assurance of a life after death and through faith with Jesus salvation is assured among his faithful followers. These concepts are supported by a known document called Scriptures, obtained from archeological explorations and other preserved documents, and other non-written accounts they refer to as traditions. Much of the information concerning Jesus, however, can be obtained from the New Testament, which is the second part of the Bible and covers the times after the death and believed resurrection of Jesus Christ. But varying interpretations of these writing and traditions led to new ideas and concepts as society evolved and created variations in the Christian faith the leads to creation of several branches. Today, the Christian faith has several subdivisions each one having created within an understanding and ideals based from Scriptures, from tradition, or both. In general the foundation of every group of Christians are based on strong faith which emanated from a concept or inspiration developed by a charismatic leadership and then later evolved into an organized society congregated by those who accepted the ideals presented. Christian organizations presently recorded include: The Amish, Baptist churches, Church of England, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Church of Scotland, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Methodist Church, Pentecostalism, Roman Catholic Church, and Seventh-day Adventists among others. Within these major denominations are a lot of variations that existed and spread throughout the world. The Roman Catholics The largest among the subdivisions of Christianity is the Roman Catholicism (BBC) who claimed to be the first of the Christian religions and from which other groups sprung off. Its history can be traced back to as far as 2000 years back. The church was based in Rome headed by the Pope who was claimed to be the successor of Peter who in turn was the first head of the Christian Church instituted by Jesus Christ himself. The doctrines of the Catholics are unique in the sense that it considers both the scriptures and the church own traditions. Issues of Protestantism Belief in traditions, among others such as the control of the Pope over the church, the increased devotion to Mary, Christmas, Easter, the Rosary, the Idols, and others are common point of divergence of other Christian denominations that believed the "scriptures alone" as the source of inspirations, guidelines, and rules in following God. Among these groups who questioned traditions are the contemporary evangelical churches that emerged in the early 17th century and onwards. Today, a public discourse is raging over the use of corruptible collective memory-based traditions as against a written document alone as the basis of faith and social practices in Christian organizations. Critics to the Catholic practice argued that traditions are not reliable social guidelines to followers of Christ for they do not qualify to be divinely inspired. They pushed the idea of "Sola Scriptura" or the scripture alone as the source of divine revelation.

Nursing Preceptorship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing Preceptorship - Research Paper Example Preceptorship is defined as a one to one relationship between a registered nurse and a nursing student whose purpose is to introduce a student to a clinical environment and orient them to the intense experience of learning in a practical mode. Preceptors introduce orientees to gain nursing skills, patient dealing, protocols and unit culture of nursing. This program enables them to learn and become competent enough to demonstrate basic unit skills by the end of the course. Students recently graduated from nursing school face difficulties when it comes to implementation part. They are pushed into a situation where one needs time and observation to implement the acquired knowledge. The main cause of the under stress nurses was found to be , lack of confidence in learnt skills, incomplete in critical thinking and clinical knowledge, correlation with patients and preceptors, dependence, frustrating work environment. Thus preceptors are essential to role model the professional attitude and skills which enable the orientees to learn and grasp them practically. This researched discovered how quickly orientees learn to implement clinical knowledge and nursing skills through preceptor orientation learning programs. The significance of preceptorship during nursing school is accepted and has been a part of nursing training program. Collaborative preceptor models between nursing school and service agencies have sustained a positive relationship and facilitated the nursing students to learn to integrate skills with real-life situations. This model provides a single nursing student to be precepted by a registered nurse whereas in the integrated clinical preceptor model, students plan their clinical experiences and preceptor acts as a mentor, clinical teacher, role model. It revealed the positive outcomes in the complex and dynamic world of acute health care. (Sandau & Halm, 2010) The importance of nurse prespectors in educating undergraduate nurses cannot be overstated. The guide and teach new nurses, the roles and responsibilities they have to face in a clinical setting. Thus the transition becomes easy for the undergraduates from the educational institutes to professionalism. It also facilitates t he specialization in any nursing faculty. As a frame work for clinical teaching, these preceptors demonstrate professional practice and share patient care experience. The awareness of handling patient’s condition and providing care accordingly, which they will encounter is shown to them. Theoretical information is thus put into practice with the help of prespectors. It is a responsibility of nurse prespector to form a connection between theory and practical implementation for an orientee, in a patient care environment. Thus achieving the expected results in a given time frame utilizing the facilities in hand is the main objective. This program holds utmost significance for mentor, orientee and the organization itself. Preceptor ship program offers professional nurturance and development in social and professional roles, which reduces the reality shock faced by new nurses in a clinical setting. Orientees feel les stresses as the preceptors gear them into right direction throug h experience thus learning takes place with constant monitoring and under constant guidance. Therefore the confidence level of such nurses’ rise due to participation in preceptorship program and their knowledge expands due to experienced preceptors who steer them into right

Collective memory and Public Discourse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Collective memory and Public Discourse - Essay Example The foundation of Christian faith is based on the existence of Jesus Christ, the Son of God who was sent to save the world from sin by dying on the cross and rising from the dead after three days. Christ's resurrection gives assurance of a life after death and through faith with Jesus salvation is assured among his faithful followers. These concepts are supported by a known document called Scriptures, obtained from archeological explorations and other preserved documents, and other non-written accounts they refer to as traditions. Much of the information concerning Jesus, however, can be obtained from the New Testament, which is the second part of the Bible and covers the times after the death and believed resurrection of Jesus Christ. But varying interpretations of these writing and traditions led to new ideas and concepts as society evolved and created variations in the Christian faith the leads to creation of several branches. Today, the Christian faith has several subdivisions each one having created within an understanding and ideals based from Scriptures, from tradition, or both. In general the foundation of every group of Christians are based on strong faith which emanated from a concept or inspiration developed by a charismatic leadership and then later evolved into an organized society congregated by those who accepted the ideals presented. Christian organizations presently recorded include: The Amish, Baptist churches, Church of England, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Church of Scotland, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Methodist Church, Pentecostalism, Roman Catholic Church, and Seventh-day Adventists among others. Within these major denominations are a lot of variations that existed and spread throughout the world. The Roman Catholics The largest among the subdivisions of Christianity is the Roman Catholicism (BBC) who claimed to be the first of the Christian religions and from which other groups sprung off. Its history can be traced back to as far as 2000 years back. The church was based in Rome headed by the Pope who was claimed to be the successor of Peter who in turn was the first head of the Christian Church instituted by Jesus Christ himself. The doctrines of the Catholics are unique in the sense that it considers both the scriptures and the church own traditions. Issues of Protestantism Belief in traditions, among others such as the control of the Pope over the church, the increased devotion to Mary, Christmas, Easter, the Rosary, the Idols, and others are common point of divergence of other Christian denominations that believed the "scriptures alone" as the source of inspirations, guidelines, and rules in following God. Among these groups who questioned traditions are the contemporary evangelical churches that emerged in the early 17th century and onwards. Today, a public discourse is raging over the use of corruptible collective memory-based traditions as against a written document alone as the basis of faith and social practices in Christian organizations. Critics to the Catholic practice argued that traditions are not reliable social guidelines to followers of Christ for they do not qualify to be divinely inspired. They pushed the idea of "Sola Scriptura" or the scripture alone as the source of divine revelation.

Digestive System Essay Example for Free

Digestive System Essay The digestive system is a long tube inside the rat, with the mouth as the opening at the anterior end and the anus as the opening at the posterior end. The process of digestion, the enzymatic breakdown of complex food substances into their simpler components, occurs in the lumen (cavity) of the digestive tube. The small molecules resulting from digestion are then absorbed by the cells lining the gut and transferred to all the other cells of the body via the circulatory system. Within the cells, these molecules may be burned to release energy for cellular activity, built into the structural elements of the cell, or stored for later use. The undigested material passes along the gastrointestinal tract and out of the anus as feces. The mouth is the most anterior part of the digestive system. Within the mouth, the food is ground up by chewing and mixed with saliva, which contains carbohydrate-splitting enzymes and lubricating mucus. Incisors are the four front most long, sharp teeth in the mouth of a rat. The incisors are especially designed for gnawing. If you make an incision on one side of the body from the region of the shoulder to the angle of the jaw, and continue cutting along the lower jaw you will reveal the salivary glands. There are three pairs of salivary glands. The largest lies just behind the ear and extends to the ventrolateral surface of the neck. The other glands are more ventral and extend anteriorly under the lower jaw. The saliva, as previously mentioned, contains enzymes, which begin the digestion of carbohydrates, and mucus, which moistens food and sticks it together to facilitate swallowing. The tongue plays a big role in the swallowing response. The food moves from the mouth into a chamber shared by the respiratory system called the pharynx and on into the esophagus. The esophagus can be seen under the trachea which is a tube recognized by its cartilage rings in the neck region. The other organs of the digestive system are located within the body cavities. All the organs of the body cavity, particularly those of the digestive system, are called the viscera. These organs are supported from the dorsal body wall by mesenteries. The wall of the body cavities and the organs are lined with a thin, moist membrane, the peritoneum. The liver is a large, reddish brown mass that lies immediately posterior to the diaphragm, the muscle dividing the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The liver has a great number of functions. However, its role in digestion is to produce bile, a substance that emulsifies fats breaks them into minute droplets, making them easier to digest. In humans, the bile is stored in the gall bladder before being released into the small intestine. However, the rat lacks a gall bladder. Therefore, the bile is released through a duct directly into the small intestine, where it acts. The stomach is a muscular organ. It is located on the left side of the rat’s upper abdomen. Food enters through the mouth and travels to the stomach from the esophagus. The esophagus pierces the diaphragm and is next to the trachea. It is different from the trachea because it does not have cartridge rings. It looks like a tube and moves food from the mouth to the stomach. At the top, it receives food from the pharynx and at the bottom; it discharges it into the first portion of the stomach. As food reaches the end of the esophagus, it goes into the stomach through a valve called the lower esophageal sphincter. To digest food, the stomach secretes acids and enzymes that break the food down. The stomach is lined with layers of muscle tissue called rugae. The stomach muscles contract periodically, churning food to assist digestion. The pyloric sphincter is a muscular valve that opens to allow food to pass from the stomach to the small intestine. Most of the digestion and the absorption of the products of digestion take place in the small intestine. Glands in the wall of the small intestine secrete enzymes for the breakdown of both proteins and carbohydrates. Secretions of the pancreas enter the small intestine and contain enzymes for the breakdown of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. The pancreas is an irregular mass of brownish glandular tissue in the mesentery dorsal to the stomach. It produces a hormone, insulin, which passes directly into the circulatory system and is not involved with digestion. The cecum is a large sac where the small and large intestine meet. This sac is often confused with the large intestine. It is the point at which the small intestine becomes the large intestine. Rats and rabbits, will produce a special feces formed from the cecum product. They will then ingest these feces again, to digest it a second time. This behavior is called coprophagy. Running from the cecum, the colon ascends, crosses the abdominal cavity, and descends again. The colon connects posteriorly with the poorly differentiated rectum of the rat. The rectum connects the colon and the anus. The primary function of the large intestine is to absorb most of the water of the digestive secretions, conserving it for use within the body. Cardiovascular system The rat heart is small so that the details of its structure are difficult to observe. The heart is located inside the rib cage of the rat. The heart is a very vital organ to the rat. The Pulmonary circulations carry blood through the lungs for oxygenation and then back to the heart. The blood enters the heart where it is pumped into the lungs for oxygenation. It is then distributed around the body only to return to the heart once again to start the process over. The rat circulatory system is almost identical to humans. The right side of the heart circulates blood to the lungs. The powerful contraction of the muscles of the left ventricle drives the blood out of the heart through the aorta to the rest of the body. The effectiveness of these contractions is increased by the presence of valves that prevent the backflow of blood. These valves prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles from the arteries. The circulatory system performs the essential duties of transporting oxygen and nutrients to metabolizing body tissue and carries off carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste that will eventually leave the body. The rat has a closed circulatory system, which means that the blood remains within a system of vessels through which it is pumped by the heart. A vessel that carries blood away from the heart to a capillary bed is an artery. A vein carries blood in the reverse direction, from the capillaries back to the heart. The aorta is the largest artery in the rat’s circulatory system. Its purpose is to carry the oxygenized blood that is being pumped out of the heart. The aorta arises from the left ventricle of the heart, forms an arch, and then goes down to the abdomen. Once in the abdomen, the aorta branches off into two smaller arteries. These arteries carry blood to all the veins and eventually back to the heart. The renal arteries stem off of the abdominal aorta. The purpose of the renal arteries is to supply the kidneys with blood. The heart pumps oxygenized blood into the aorta, which pushed the blood into the renal arteries to be taken to the kidneys. Before reaching the kidneys, the artery divides into 4 or 5 smaller branches. Because of the anatomy of the rat’s body, the right renal artery is usually longer than the left renal artery. The arteries can usually be distinguished from veins because they are stiffer and lighter in color than veins. The vena cava veins returns blood from the body to the right atrium. The Pulmonary vein enters the left atrium with blood from the lungs. ?The Internal and external jugular veins is located in the neck region. These carry blood from the head region back toward the heart. Muscular System There are three different muscle tissues: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. They all have different organizations. Skeletal muscle tissue cells are long, cylindrical, and are striated. Cardiac muscle tissue cells are short and branched. Smooth muscle tissue is not striated, cells are short, and spindle- shaped. The biceps brachii lie on the upper arms between the shoulder and the elbow on both arms of the rat. These muscles are anterior to the shoulder and have two anchors in the shoulder region. The biceps brachii’s main function is to help the rat flex the forearm. These muscles allow the rat to walk as well as use their arms to perform any type of activity. The center of the biceps brachii is thick and wide, while the ends are thinner and narrow. The masseter muscle is the primary muscle involved in chewing. It also acts to clench the teeth and raise the jaw. The sternomastoid is responsible for turning the head to the opposite side; it also helps extend the head. Pectoralis superficialis or Pectoralis profundus adducts the forelimb, and moves the arm toward the midline of the chest. The rectus abdominis helps compress the abdomen. The spinodeltoid abducts the humerus and pulls the humerus forward. The spinodeltoid is the muscle right about the arm. The latissimus dorsi pulls the humerus backwards, and rotates the scapula backward. The large triangular muscle that lies caudal to the shoulder and arm and fans out over the back is the latissimus dorsi. The triceps are the largest muscle, which covers most of the caudal, lateral, and medial surface of the humerus. The triceps arises by three heads: a long head from the caudal, a lateral head from the proximal part of the humerus, and a small medium head (which is very difficult to see) from he proximal two-thirds of the humerus. This muscle is the primary extensor of the forearm. The brachialis arises from the proximal part of the humerus and inserts the ulna. It flexes the forelimb, and flexes the forearm at the elbow. The gluteus medius is the largest of the gluteal muscles in the rat. It is seen in the lateral surface of the ilium and from the sacrum. The bicep femoris expands to form a broad muscle that is inserted along most of the length of the tibia. A group of three trapezius muscles covers the face of the shoulder. Different parts of the complex are inserted on different parts of the shoulder, which is the cranial cleidocervicalis. The middle muscle of the shoulder is the cervical trapezius and the caudal is the thoracic trapezius, which is the upper part of the spine. These muscles help hold the shoulder in place. The deltoid complex is a triangular muscle mass lying ventra to the trapezius group. In rats, but not in humans, it consists of two parts: a spinodeltoid and cleidobrachialis.

Virtue Ethics And Deontology

Virtue Ethics And Deontology The purpose of this essay is to talk about virtue ethics, Deontology and I m going to talk about its meaning and how a person that practices, or have this kind of ethics system will act if he or she would be in a dilemma; it is important to remember that I am going to show this on the different ethics systems that I am going to talk about, and that Ill explain it with some examples that weve learned in class. Another thing that I am going to express in this essay is my opinion about each ethic system that I will talk about. Virtue ethics is a system of ethics that emphasizes on the virtues or the moral character of the people. This means that it is based on what the person had done if he has done bad things then he has a bad moral character. Supposing that someone needs help then, someone that practices the virtue ethics will eventually help him if he is a good person, he would help him because in that case the person that is helping is doing charity or benevolence. Now Ill explain it with an example that Ive seen in the class of Mr. Stevens: Suppose that there is a train that is going to crash five people and if you turn the roads of the train u kill one person; suppose that person is good and the other five are bad persons with bad moral character so someone that practices virtue ethics will let the train to kill the five people. Virtue ethics is based on some features that are: -Its guiding question: What should I do? -Emphasis on character, not on individual actions. The goodness comes from the people that perform the act not vice versa, this means that the good people here is the one that performs the act. -It is based on the character of the person that you are helping if he is someone that has patience or benevolence he has virtues, and if he is someone that has cowardice or laziness, etc he has vices and he is not a virtuous person. -To have a virtue is to respond to some certain sorts of situations or circumstances in the appropriate way, for example: having courage in a difficult or dangerous situation. -Good people are virtuous and they dont have vices. It is important to remember that the virtue ethics were created by the Greek philosophers Aristotle and Plato. It was originated in the Greek Philosophy on that time. Deontology Deontology, also called deontological ethics, is a system of ethic that judges the morality (if its a good action or it is a bad action) of an action if the action is based on some rules or duties. So deontologists do their actions according to a rule or a duty that we can find in two main schools of deontology that are: Kant: As I have said before Deontology obeys rules and Inter Kant, that was a deontologist proposed three laws: Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. Act as though the maxim of your action were by your will to become a universal law of nature. Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only. This one was old, he was born on 1724 and died on 1804.There is other school of deontology and it is more modern that is the W.D.Ross (1877-1971) He says that the actions on deontology were judged according to some duties that he stated, that are: Duties stemming from ones own previous actions: 1. fidelity: duty to fulfill (explicit and implicit) promises/agreements into which one has entered 2. Reparation: duty to make up for wrongful acts previously done to others Duties stemming from the previous actions of others: 3. gratitude: duty to repay others for past favors done for oneself Duties stemming from the (possibility of) a mismatch between persons pleasure or happiness and their merit: 4. justice: duty to prevent or correct such a mismatch Duties stemming from the possibility of improving the conditions of others with respect to virtue, intelligence, or pleasure: 5. beneficence: duty to improve the conditions of others in these respects Duties stemming from the possibility of improving ones own condition with respect to virtue or intelligence: 6. self-improvement : duty to improve ones own condition in these respects Special duty to be distinguished from the duty of beneficence: 7. Non-maleficence: duty not to injure others So then according to the train example I have explained after in this essay a deontologist will let the 5 guys to die, even if they were bad persons. Ill explain it with a law that is the rule number 1 of Kant school. So a deontologist will let the 5 people to die because he follows rules, and in that case what will happen if all people would be doing an action to kill one people, the person that is doing the action is not killing him, but he is doing an action, there. My opinion about this ethic system, is that this ethics system is a good system because, it respects the life of everyone and the duties and laws are very good proposed because they let you make a good decision in which you would not feel guilty at the end.

Using Biometrics for Security :: Technology Safety Essays

Using Biometrics for Security Today the protection of everything has become an important issue that affects everyone. Whether it’s protecting a cashier’s cash drawer or preventing a suicide bomber onto an aircraft. Either way there is going to be an increase and change in security. The advancement in the technology of computers has made it easier for people to get information. Today, a person can log onto the internet and view information on anything and everything. If an average person can do that then how secure is the internet? How much security should be placed on a computer or a website? For the average person, a password, personal identification number, or keys allow them to view information that only they can access. This form of security isn’t of high-quality because it can be forged. Over the years, many people have developed security systems that can actually authenticate a person. This report will be looking at these advancements as well as my thoughts of them. The improvement in security was developed on the bases of biometrics. Biometrics refers to the authentication techniques that rely on measurable characteristics that can be automatically checked. [1] Biometric techniques are divided into physiological and behavioral characteristics. Physiological characteristics include: the finger, palm, the face, and the retina and iris of the eye. Behavioral characteristics include: voiceprints, keystrokes and handwritten signatures. Fingerprints is the most commonly use of biometric today. It works great for the population between the ages of 18 and 40 because their prints are haven’t been effective by normal aging. In my view there are a few downfalls. The first on is due to aging. As we go through life our body changes. We lose fat on a fingers causing the image to become more difficult to read. The second one is due to the type of employment. A construction worker or a carpenter work with their hands all the time. Many of them get injuries on their hands causing a scar to alter the fingerprint. My final downfall is a bit distorted. A finger can be cut off. There are many people that will go to any means to get what they want. This includes cutting off a person finger and carrying it around till they get to what they need to access. Palm and hand scanner are less effective and more expensive then fingerprint scanners.

Comment Paper On Everything Th -- essays research papers

Everything That Rises Must Converge   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the story, “Everything That Rises Must Converge';; Flannery O’Conner uses a number of devices to make an organized plot. Causality, repetition, and structure all contribute in making the plot interesting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The exposition consumes the beginning of the story. This is important because it gives the reader a better understanding of the characters, and sets tones for causality. Being introduced first is Julian’s mother. Her attitude and actions are best described on page 207. It states, “ She sat forward and looked up and down the bus. It was half filled. Everybody was white. ‘I see we have the bus to ourselves.'; This allows the reader to assume that Julian’s mother is prejudice, and was most likely raised in that time era. A good example O’Conner uses to explain Julian is found on page 208. It states, “Most miraculous of all, instead of being blinded by love for her as she was for him, he had cut himself emotionally free of her and could see her with complete objectivity. He was not dominated by his mother.'; It is safe to assume Julian is a depressed son, who is perturbed with his mother and her old ways of life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Complications begin to arise after the reader has a good feel on who the characters are, which then leads to the climax of the story. Tension first arrives be...

Rehabilitation Of Adolescent Sexual Offenders

Juvenile delinquency is increasingly becoming a major concern in society. The involvement of the youth in criminal activities has taken its toll as they get more exposure to violence through the media and peer influence. An emerging trend in this category is adolescent sexual offences among teenagers (Hardill, et al, 2001, 59). However, addressing this issue calls for a comprehensive approach that takes into account the various forms of sexual offences and the wide range of contributing factors.The paper explores the application of the Cycle of Abuse Theory in working with adolescent sexual offenders. The Cycle of Abuse is a social theory formulated by Lenore Walker in 1970 to explain the inherent patterns observed in an abusive relationship (Walker, 2000, 204). The theory of The Cycle of Abuse stipulates that abusive relationships are often cyclic, i. e. they take place in a recurring pattern. The theory identifies three stages or phases of abuse. While these phases do not necessari ly follow a linear and definite predictable pattern, they more or less exhibit the following phenomenology:Phase one- normalcy. At first, everything seems to be fine. This is normally during the initial stages of a relationship, when both parties show genuine commitment to the relationship. In fact, the stage is also referred to as ‘the honeymoon period. ’ However, as time goes by, one partner, especially the abuser, adopts a negative attitude. In some cases, an undesirable character trait previously restrained, such being short tempered or a predilection to violence begins to emerge. Phase two- Tension building.The atmosphere in the relationship tends to be strained, making mutual interaction between both parties characteristically cold, constrained and generally ineffective. Signs of tension include poor communication, verbal abuse and shifting blames for minor mistakes. The situation is so delicate such that it requires only a slight provocation for the abuserâ€℠¢s emotions to snap. Phase three- explosion. This is the point at which the actual abuse takes place. The abuser’s violent flares are triggered by flimsy excuses, such as the victim being late in preparing dinner (in cases of spouse abuse).However, one limitation of Lenor’s theory is its emphasis on physical abuse. While physical violence is the common form of abuse, recent studies have indicated that psychological and emotional torture could affect victims even more than the bruises they suffer in physical confrontations. Phase four- reconciliation. After the climax of actual abuse, the abuser takes a reconciliatory stance and apologizes for his/her actions. It is characterized by promises that it will not be repeated, and they might go an extra mile to please the victim- buying them gifts or taking them out.As the last phase of the cyclic phenomenon, the apologetic and the friendly mood displayed by the abuser persuades the victim to forget the abuse and consequently , the relationship returns to a state of normalcy. An adolescent sexual offender is defined as â€Å"a youth, from puberty to the legal age of majority, who commits any sexual act with a person of any age, against the victims will, without consent, or in an aggressive, exploitive or threatening manner† (Tolan and Cohler, 1993, 115). However, dealing with cases of juvenile offenders is complicated due to popular ideologies that make young offenders victims of circumstances.For instance, rape in some cases is rationalized on the precipice that â€Å"‘boys-will-be-boys’ and punished by a slap on the hand and admonitions to ‘behave,’ while cases of teens sexually molesting children are euphemized as â€Å"‘curiosity’ or ‘experimentation,’ and many sexual offenses termed as ‘adolescent adjustment reactions’† (Ryan et al, 1987). Consequently, the failure to clearly identify a juvenile as a sex offender has led to a tendency to ignore early warning symptoms and the â€Å"deviant nature of sexual assaults by teenagers† (Ryan, et al, 1987).Nonetheless, adolescent sexual offences continue to rise and its effects are plainly as far-reaching as those perpetrated by adults are. This has led to increasing concerns on teenage behaviors in relation to sexual crimes. What is not lost to both sides of the argument, however, is the fact that behavioral tendencies exhibited in childhood will continue into adulthood if no intervention measures are taken to change these habits. In working with adolescent sexual offenders towards their rehabilitation, intervention measures aims to achieve behavioral change and minimizing situations that could lead to abuse.At the same time, rehabilitation attempts to cut the cyclic pattern to avoid repetition of the same offences. In this regard, the Abuse Cycle Theory’s relevance is in its recognition of the recurrent nature of abuse. Research studies have shown that â€Å"for the victims of abuse, the abuse may produce either a learned helplessness or a repetitive aggressiveness† (Ryan et al, 1987). In addition, the theory identifies the various factors that promote abuse such as attitude, as well as the various forms the abuse could take.In the case of sexual offenses, abuse is not limited to actual acts of forced sex alone, but includes other forms such as fondling of the victim’s private parts. APPLICATION OF THE ABUSE CYCLE THEORY Adolescent sexual offences assume a cyclic pattern. It begins in early childhood among boys â€Å"with voyeuristic behaviors from ages five to seven, including attempts to their grandmother and mother using the bathroom or taking showers† (Sandy, 1987). The unusualness of this behavior is because the minors’ interest in nudity underlies sexual motives or desires.The report in The International Journal on adolescent sexual offenders says that it could be only normal if they i nvolve â€Å"the curiosity of an 18 to 30-month-old who is interested in learning how adults do everything from baking cookies to driving the car, and including use of the bathroom† (Ryan et al 1987). However, the habits should subside at age five, for by then the child has learned bathroom manners. The gravitation toward sexual violence among young boys begins at this stage, when their consciousness could direct their behaviors with some ulterior motives.In the context of the Cycle of Abuse Theory, this could be a calm stage, but there is a building up of tension- the sexual desires exhibited by the minor’s obsession to see nude females. In a case study on juvenile sexual offences, one respondent, a minor on a rehabilitation program, confessed that it started with â€Å"observing the babysitter having sex with her boyfriend, and it was followed with a habit of assaulting girls in the school grounds, with a motivation to actually frighten, control, and degrade themâ⠂¬  (Huttenlocker, 2007). The next phase in a minor’s progression towards sexual violence sets in even as early as nine years.Very conscious that what they are doing is inappropriate, they make their acts to look like accidental incidences. A teenage boy under a juvenile program said that his first intrusive behaviors began with a desire to touch female private parts when playing in crowds, and secretly watching out for girls. It marked the beginning of his conscious motives to stalk girls, leading to his cyclic sexual violence. It soon developed into an aggressive form of harassment, at age 11, which involved â€Å"grabbing the chests and butts of female classmates, threatening them with sexual acts† (Ryan, et al, 1987).By the time he was 12, he had identified four girls whom he would continually harass by touching their genitalia. The Cycle of Abuse Theory’s explanation of the different forms that an abuse could take reflects the minor’s habit to send obscene messages and making calls to his victims. In this regard, a comprehensive treatment therapy for young sexual offenders should take an approach that addresses the various stages of the abuse cycle. Since the abuse itself takes different forms, the treatment therapy should be multifaceted in its approach, addressing the following issues.Sex Education: The initial stages of sexually offensive behaviors are characterized with an aspect of ignorance. In this light, it is vital to equip minors with information about sexual behaviors, which could ‘slip off’ into violent, abusive habits. A research study by the National Clearinghouse on Sexual Violence reports that lack of knowledge and appropriate information regarding sexual behaviors contributes greatly to sexual offenses. Accordingly, there is need to â€Å"provide education courses in school with a focus on positive sexuality, addressing the issues of consent, equality and coercion† (Kaplan et al, 1988, 190) .It should also include teaching sexual assault victims ways of resolving their feelings concerning the abuse, in order to minimize their chances of becoming future offenders. The motive for revenge is identified in the Cycle of Abuse Theory as one factor that compels abusers to mistreat their victims. Likewise, sexually assaulted children are likely to find an emotional outlet by violating others. Abuse of Trust and Power: As noted before, sexually abused children could avenge their experiences on others.To avoid such occurrences, it calls for exemplary behaviors on the part of adults who relate and interact with young children. When adults, especially pedophiles, abuse their power and the trust of children to exploit them sexually, they sow seeds of hatred, rejection and a desire to ‘hit out’ at others. Such perpetrators often try to â€Å"escape accountability for exploiting their relationship of trust with a child or adolescent on flimsy excuses such as ‘I wa s drunk when I did it’ or ‘It is normal for children to be sexual- I was teaching her about sex’† (Duncan, 14).Abuse of children by adults could also shape their mentality as a way of expressing their dominance. This poses the danger of conditioning their notions about sex as a way to â€Å"accomplish masculinity and overcome experiences of powerlessness† (Ritcher, et al, 2004, 104). Joint work and Relapse Prevention: This is the most crucial part as it involves helping the ex-abusers to be assimilated into a normal social life as well as preventing them from slipping back to their offensive behaviors.It includes various therapies such as â€Å"young mentoring, in-home family therapy, human sexuality education, parent support groups and ‘safe-out of home’ placement in the community† (Marsh and Fristad, 330). It helps the recovering patients to develop coping skills and relapse-prevention mechanisms to enable them assume normal liv es. Previous research studies which sought to find out the motivational drive of sexually aggressive behaviors in men, have established a tendency of being compelled by the urge to meet sexual desires (Lenn, 1994).Snell et al (1992) reported sexual compulsivity, similar to a research by Exner et al (1992), which noted lack of sexual control as the major cause of uncontrolled sexual activity. In this regard, it is therefore imperative to educate ex-offenders on ways to overcome their sexual drives, which nearly always culminates in rape and other sexual offences (Erooga and Masson, 1999, 27). In Understanding and Diagnosing Sex Addiction, John Schneider identifies compulsive sexual behaviors as addictive disorders like those of drug abuse (Schneider 2004 198).This insight helps in singling out incidences of juvenile sexual offences that result as the abuser’s inability to resist psychological and physical sex drives. It is important to distinguish victims of circumstances and situation from out-right perpetrators, to design appropriate treatment therapies. Nonetheless, a very crucial aspect of rehabilitating juvenile sexual offenders is widening the scope of treatment to include other factors, which could be directly related to sexual violence. Some studies have shown that there is a correlation between drug use and juvenile sexual offences (O’Reilly, 2004, 81).In fact, Schneider considers the path to sexual addiction to be similar to that of a drug addict: habit developing into a behavior and finally addiction. In light of the tenets of the Cycle of Abuse Theory, this suggests that sometimes individuals could not control their behaviors. Circumstances and the environment could trigger impulsive behaviors that are sexually offensive. For instance, playing in crowded grounds offers an opportunity for budding offenders to touch their victims’ private parts.This is similar to abuses in relationships, where the abuser’s temper gets trigg ered by minor incidences such as disagreements. In working with adolescent sexual offenders, it therefore calls for placement programs that remove the abuser from environments that encourage his sexual behaviors. In conclusion, the significance of the Cycle of Abuse in relation to working with adolescent sexual offenders lies in its emphasis on the gradual progression towards violent actions, its cyclic nature as well as its varied forms.First, it highlights the importance of identifying juvenile sexual offences in their budding stages to avoid their development into ‘high tension’ stages where the offender is vulnerable to acting out their sexual desires. It also avoids further offensive behaviors and helps to ‘bring them back’ into the community. The theory’s reference to the recurrent nature of abuse indicates that juvenile offenders are likely to ‘re-offend,’ hence the need for relapse-prevention measures. The socio-cultural environm ent within which adolescent sexual offenders operate could also encourage their behaviors.This observation stems from the theory’s tension and explosion stages, which indicate that an external triggering factor is necessary to push the abuser towards actual confrontation. In this light, it is necessary to evaluate sexual offenses in the context of family environment and the impact it could have had in the formative aspects of the offender’s personal development (Marshall, 1998, 360). Behavior alone should not be the standard of labeling a person, but it should as well include factors that influence character development.Equally, cultures that promote male sexual aggressiveness as a desirable quality for men should be discouraged. Secondly, sexual offenses are not limited to actual cases of rape or molestation, but could take various forms such as verbal harassment, voyeurism and exposure of one’s private parts. Nonetheless, as in physical and psychological abuse witnessed in relationships, all forms of sexual offenses are significantly harmful to the victim. This is because they have far-reaching effects on the victim, such as fearing the opposite sex even in adulthood, low self-esteem and negative attitude towards relationships.Lastly, relapse-prevention measures should be designed to achieve long-term goals of permanently changing the offender’s sexual behavior. Since sexual offenses by adolescent could be an overt manifestation of character traits, rehabilitation measures ought to extend beyond short-term therapies designed to treat immediate symptoms. To this end, then, working with adolescent sexual offenders is not only a correction of behavior, but a re-creation of character as well. Reference List Crinson, I. 2009. Health Policy: A Critical. SAGE Publications Ltd, New York. Duncan, K. A.2004. Healing from the trauma of childhood sexual abuse: the journey for women. Greenwood Publishing Group, New York. Erooga M. , Masson, H. C. 1999. Children and young people who sexually abuse others: challenges and responses. Routledge, New York Hardill I. , et al. 2001. Human geography of the UK: An introduction. Routledge, New York Huttenlocker, M. 29 July 2007. â€Å"Adolescent Sex Offenders. † Adolescent Sex Offenders. † EzineArticles. com. 6 May. 2010 Kaplan, M. S. , Becker, J. V. , Cunningham-Rathner J.1988. â€Å"Characteristics of Parents of Adolescent Incest Perpetrators: Preliminary Findings,† Journal of Family Violence, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 189-90. Marsh D. T. , Fristad, M. A. 2002. Handbook of serious emotional disturbance in children and adolescents. John Wiley and Sons, New York Marshall, W. L. 1998. Sourcebook of treatment programs for sexual offenders. Springer, New York O’Reilly, G. 2004. The handbook of clinical intervention with young people who sexually abuse Psychology Press, New York. Ritcher, L. , et al. 2004. Sexual abuse of young children in southern Africa.HSRC Pres s, London. Ryan G. , Lane S. , Davis, J. , et al. (1987). S. â€Å"Juvenile sex offenders: Development and correction. † The International Journal, 11: (3), Pages 385-395. . Schneider, J. , P. 2004. Understanding and diagnosing sex addiction: Handbook of addictive disorders: a practical guide to diagnosis and treatment. John Wiley and Sons, New York’ Tolan P. H. , Cohler, P. J. 1993. Handbook of clinical research and practice with adolescents. ohn Wiley and Sons, New York. Walker, L. 2001. The battered woman syndrome. Springer Publishing Company, New York. .